According to interviewees, the DCC lacks the necessary human expertise and technical infrastructure to carry out offensive cyber activities on its own. While the collaboration between ANSSI, COMCYBER, and the French intelligence services is hence likely to increase, neither the desired outcome of the collaboration nor its strategic and practical dimensions are explicated. First, cyber operations are often custom-made combinations of intelligence, intrusion, and attack (Smeets Citation2018). As an arctic and maritime nation, U.S. economic and security interests require the Navy to work closely with U.S. interagency and foreign maritime partners to safeguard access and exploitation of Arctic resources. 230 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<82C9D454FA306544935F2BF957AE07B4>]/Index[202 44]/Info 201 0 R/Length 118/Prev 129030/Root 203 0 R/Size 246/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream /Rotate 0 The DGSE is the largest French intelligence service in terms of workforce. Cyber Defence Cyberspace is understood as the fifth domain of warfare equally critical to military operations as land, sea, air, and space. The French Military Cyber Strategy that so far consists of three separate documents: the Ministerial Policy for Defensive Cyber Warfare, the Public Elements for the Military Cyber Warfare Doctrine, and the Public Elements for Cyber Influence Warfare Doctrine (Ministre des Armeses Citation2019a, Citation2019b, Citation2021) does, however, not elaborate on the collaboration between the COMCYEBR and the intelligence services. /Creator (U.S. Fleet Cyber Command,U.S. Consequently, also in the French case, it is ambiguous how the entities complement each other in practice, and how the desired organizational collaboration will achieve impact. This strategy establishes objectives to meet this aim and support national policy. 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] Photo: Navy. >> On January 27, 2017, President Donald Trump directed Secretary of Defense James Mattis to initiate a new Nuclear Posture Review (NPR). /Author (U.S. Fleet Cyber Command,U.S. Third, the proposed measures for increased cyber-security lack legal force. Update: DoD Instruction 5000.02 "Operation of the Adaptive Acquisition Framework" dated 23 January 2020 has been released. hbbd``b`$ +qUAD=""gVH0* They are fundamental to maintaining maritime dominance and enabling sustained operations in cyber-contested environments by the Navy and Marine Corps. 13 0 obj Acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas Modly outlines his three broad priorities for leadership up and down the chain of command. There is hence a risk that many of the challenges to collaboration are internalized. endstream endobj startxref Given the secrecy and confidentiality that shroud the topic and the lack of existing studies, the conclusions of this piece are to be considered tentative. ^6y~(L n7)l# 8Py. Third, zooming in on the relationship between the COMCYBER and the intelligence services, it has been stressed that the intelligence services provide essential support to military operations by offering both technical and operational elements necessary to acquire knowledge of the adversary and operational environment (Florant Citation2021, 19). We use cookies to improve your website experience. 2 0 obj hbbd```b``" , :Q`Z0{"m"S&IL0;DAd%t'^+hFg` %Y This seems to overcome some of the challenges to organizational collaboration pointed out above, but the extent to which this is the case is hard to say, as it is unclear how intelligence and military operations complement each other in practice. INFO: James A. Lewis, director of the Technology and Public Policy Program, testified before U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, on "Securing Americas Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] European Parliament, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), PE 603.175, May 2017. 18 . Drawing out key organizational differences and ambiguities, the analysis identified three models of organizing military and intelligence relations: A Dutch collaboration model, a French separation model, and a Norwegian centralization model. Controlling almost half of the gasoline, jet fuel and diesel flowing along the East Coast of the US turn off the spigot (David and Perlroth Citation2021). The vision is anchored on a three-pronged approach of readiness, capability and capacity, and spans all aviation-related platforms and weapons. Moreover, it spurs the risk that the operational capability and activity of intelligence and military entities are mismatched with the broader strategic or governance goals. %%EOF This rise is arguably fueled by the dramatic increase in ransomware payments. How to make sure that priorities and decisions share the same goals? Thomas B. Mondly, during the Christening of USS John F. Kennedy, Newport News, Va. The paper concludes that there is a need for increased political attention and a deliberate approach to how the organizational model allows for the operational cyber capacity to travel from, translate into, and shape intelligence and military entities and to which political implications at both national and international levels. The Commission recommends cementing the role of the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security as the key cyber security agency, and providing it with more resources to develop policy, implement capacity-building programmes, support research, and establish a cyber security certification scheme. 7 0 obj B-1110 Brussels In a memorandum released Feb. 12, 2019, Secretary of the Navy Richard V. Spencer outlines the Department of the Navy's new focus on education. >> Statement by the NATO Secretary General on cyber attacks against Ukraine, Statement by the North Atlantic Council in solidarity with those affected by recent malicious cyber activities including the Microsoft Exchange Server compromise, Statement by the North Atlantic Council Concerning Malicious Cyber Activities, Cyberspace as Part of NATO's Core Task of Collective Defence, Remarks by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the Cyber Defence Pledge Conference, London (23 May 2019), Speech by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the Cyber Defence Pledge Conference (Ecole militaire, Paris), The 2015 Activity Report of the NATO Secretary General, Defence Matters: Secretary General's Annual Report 2012, Draft Council Conclusions on the EUs Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade. This document is based on U.S. policy and doctrine and will be updated on a routinebasis to reflect changes in guidance. Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Michael Gilday shares his navigation plan for how the U.S. Navy will continue to support U.S. maritime objectives as part of a Joint Force. /Type /Pages However, under the Joint Cyber Coordination Center (FCKS), the intelligence service collaborates and coordinates with the National Security Authority (NSM), the Policy Security Service (PST), and The National Criminal Investigation Service (Kripos) when it comes to countering and dealing with severe cyber operations (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2020, 7677). This report is the Department of the Navy (DON) 30-year shipbuilding plan for the FY2022 Presidents Budget (PB2022). Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Warfighting Requirements and Capabilities - OPNAV N9), Department of the Navy Business Operations Plan for fiscal years 2021-2023, COVID-19 Guidance and Resources 2020: Updated July 28, 2020. An additional argument for the centralized model was given by the Ministry of Defense in written communication with the author. , On the contrary, the Military Security and Intelligence Service (MIVD) has demonstrated significant operational cyber capacity in several cases.Footnote6 Some of its work is undertaken in collaboration with the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) in the Joint SIGINT Cyber Unit (JSCU).Footnote7 As a collaboration between the MIVD and the AIVD, the JSCU forms a cornerstone of the Dutch cybersecurity. Following the same line of thinking, this article offers a comparative exploratory qualitative analysis (Yin Citation2014) of how the development and deployment of cyber capabilities are structured across military cyber commands and foreign intelligence services in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. This calls for cooperation and coordination across military and intelligence entities. The "Blueprint" for a coordinated response to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises at the Union level. Cyber defence is one of the areas in which the need to step up cooperation is strongest: defence and security is what Europeans ask and expect from their leaders. These are protection, military action, intelligence, and judicial investigation (Secrtariat gnral de la dfense et de la scurit nationale Citation2018, 56). It increases design possibilities, enhances the speed of innovation, and offers an alternative for creating shapes closer to what an engineer might need, with fewer constraints. NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. In the face of a rapidly evolving cyber threat landscape, strong partnerships play a key role in effectively addressing cyber challenges. How do I access the full text of journal articles ? The mission of the DCC is to carry out offensive cyber operations in the context of armed conflict and war and act as a potential deterrent measure in time of peace (Ministry of Defense Citation2015, Citation2018). QDR seeks to adapt, reshape, and rebalance our military to prepare for the strategic challenges and opportunities we face in the years ahead. The intelligence chain of the strategic review stresses the possibility for the implementation of offensive cyber capabilities (Secrtariat gnral de la dfense et de la scurit nationale Citation2018, 56). The future of Europe will revolve around digitisation and cybersecurity even more when looking at it from the defence angle. While the Dutch model strongly notes the need for collaboration between the DCC and the intelligence services, it remains ambiguous how they complement each other in practice and how organizational collaboration is supposed to fulfill goals of increased effectiveness, synergy, and flexibility. endobj The COMCYBER is responsible for the military action chain. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. This arrangement is a good example of the cooperation between NATO and Finland it is practical, substantial and at the same time mutually beneficial. The operational capability of the DCC is, however, hampered by its limited mandate that restricts the DCCs possibility to gather intelligence and conduct reconnaissance when not in war. Drawing out key organizational differences and ambiguities, the analysis identifies three models of organizing military and intelligence relations: A Dutch collaboration model, a French separation model, and a Norwegian centralization model. /Type /Page The deliberate design and standup of this command came at a good time in history. hb```r ea8IYiX 'oqB"&QVHQDd"X::2::P *0bi=|%X5d%ZT~8d-Xb`ZEQS| An official website of the United States government, Department of the Navy Cyberspace Superiority Vision, Climate Action 2030 Department of the Navy, VA Vet Center (Supports vets, service members, and their families), Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year 2023, One Navy-Marine Corps Team: Strategic Guidance from the Secretary of the Navy, eport to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year 2022, After compiling and analyzing feedback from hundreds of Sailors through focus groups and surveys, Task Force One Navyin early 2021 submitted its final report, Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels, Prepared by: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, SECNAV Stem to Stern Comprehensive Review, Comprehensive Review of the DON Uniformed Legal Communities, Department of the Navy Strategic Guidance FY 2020, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, Department of the Navy's New Education Initiatives, A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority (Version 2.0), Navy Leader Development Framework (Version 3.0), Readiness Reform Oversight Committee: One Year Later, Naval Research and Development: A Framework for Accelerating to the Navy and Marine Corps after Next, Naval Research Enterprise (NRE) Addendum to the Naval Research and Development Framework, US Fleet Cyber Command/ Tenth Fleet Strategic Plan 2015-2020, New Navy Cryptologic & Cyber Warfare Community Vision Released, SECNAV Cybersecurity Readiness Review Letter, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal 2020, Laying the Keel: Developing the Backbone of Our Navy, REMARKS - Acting SECNAV at JFK Christening, REMARKS - Acting SECNAV at Navy Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce, The President's Coronavirus Guidelines for America, US Navy Hospital Ship Leadership Biographies, Frequently asked questions about USNS Mercy, Frequently asked questions about USNS Comfort deployment to New York City, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Our Navy cannot build the framework for leadership development without first "Laying the Keel." How to make sure that increased collaboration and sharing of (human, technical, and economic) resources across military and intelligence entities create the desired effectiveness, synergy, and flexibility? JSCU is a collaboration between the two Dutch intelligence and security services the MIVD and the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD). Third, we have witnessed an expansion of intelligence activities beyond traditional espionage, with tasks and responsibilities ranging from protecting government networks to executing offensive cyber operations abroad (Gioe, Goodman, and Stevens Citation2020). B-1110 Brussels Council of the European Union (19 June 2017), Council of the European Union (7 June 2017), European Commission - Fact sheet (6 July 2016), Council conclusions on cyber diplomacy (11 February 2015), Council of the European Union (1718 November 2014), European Commission - High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (7 February 2013), European Union - European External Action Service (7 February 2013). objective to transition to commander-driven operational risk assessments for cybersecurity readiness. Fri: 10:00 - 15:30. /Keywords (Cybersecurity, Spectrum, Telecommunications, Wireless) They suggest that strategy must be unshackled from the presumption that it deals only with the realm of coercion, militarised crisis, and war in cyberspace (Harknett and Smeets Citation2022, 2). NATO and North Macedonia strengthen responses to cyber threats(19 February 2021). xEAj0o@(e4%PJuUcc[6uKosX8groQWdP %0jIR~6y:YdGY mH(6cZb||aXOUc\wq H-r)G.K=[> The COMCYBER rely on the Information Management Division of the Directorate General of ArmamentFootnote11 (DGA-MI) for the development and design of cyber capabilities (Ministre des Armeses Citation2019b, 11). Despite the divergence in organizing cyber capabilities, the three countries converge on the assumption that both responding to cyber conflict short of war and developing military cyber power are dependent on the skills, information, and infrastructure of intelligence services. The arrangement will allow NATO and Finland to better protect and improve the resilience of their networks. Photo: Defense Dept. The National Fleet Plan identifies U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard authorities, methods, and measurements to avoid redundancies and achieve economies of scale. We present a novel defense framework to protect against sophisticated cyber attacks, and model it with single-node and defense-chain models. The Education for Seapower (E4S) study was a clean-sheet review of naval learning and focused on flagship institutions like the U.S. Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 11-12 July 2018. The attack meant that Russian intelligence had potential access to as many as 18,000 SolarWinds customers. After two tragic, fatal collisions and other near misses at sea, the Readiness Reform and Oversight Council's (RROC) mandate was clear: make our Navy a safer and more combat-effective force that places the safety, readiness and training of our people first. /Title (Fleet Cyber Command sees future Cyber Warfighting Workforce developing at NPS) The Netherlands Defence organisation deploys offensive digital resources exclusively against military targets. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] The Norwegian long-term defense plan for 20212024 notes that access to up-to-date and relevant information about threats and threat actors is absolutely central to being able to handle threats in the digital space (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2020, 76). Today (16 February 2017), NATO and Finland stepped up their engagement with the signing of a Political Framework Arrangement on cyber defence cooperation. This includes protecting the information systems of the defense and for developing, coordinating, and deploying military cyber operations. At the time of writing, there is no public information that the DCC has conducted offensive cyber operations. Finland sees many opportunities of enhanced cooperation for example in conducting training and exercises in the cyber domain, said Mr. Jukka Juusti, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Finland. Frequently asked questions about USNS Comfort deployment to New York City. It is seldom distinct where one stage ends, and another begins. 10th Fleet, met with Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) leadership, faculty and students the week of May 11 to discuss evolving graduate education designed to prepare tomorrow's cyber leaders. The Department of Defense's enduring mission is to provide combat-credible military forces needed to deter war and protect the security of our nation. Defensive Cyberspace Operations, to defend DOD or other friendly cyberspace. 98 0 obj <> endobj The JSCU forms the cornerstone of the Dutch defense against advanced state-sponsored cyberattacks (advanced persistent threats) targeting ministries, infrastructure providers, and companies. >> The Cyber Defense is responsible for conducting defensive cyber operations, and the Intelligence Service coordinates between offensive and defensive cyber operations. A cyber command function outside the Intelligence Service will, for Norway, be an unfortunate and costly solution. 58% of ransomware victims paid a ransom last year, up from 45% in 2019 and 38% in 2017. It was prepared by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfighting Requirements and Capabilities (OPNAV N9) and approved for release by the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. How do I access the full text of journal articles ? Sec. (POSTED: October 19, 2022) The Cyberspace Superiority Vision charts the Department of the Navys (DON) pursuit of cyberspace superiority guided by three principles: Secure, Survive, and Strike. endstream endobj startxref This paper explores how the Netherlands, France, and Norway organize their cyber capabilities at the intersection of intelligence services and military entities and provides recommendations for policy and research development in the field. >> The United States Navy, as the maritime component of the Department of Defense, has global leadership responsibilities to provide ready forces for current operations and contingency response that include the Arctic Ocean. Organizing cyber capabilities across military and intelligence entities is only one of many related components in long-term defense planning. /Kids [4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R] Fourth, the findings shed additional light on our understanding of how the blurring of boundaries between war and peace, military and civilian, and internal and external security, identified in security studies in the past decades, looks in the cyber domain (Christensen and Liebetrau Citation2019). [11] Multi-Domain operations rely on interdependent networks that also serve as the base . This paper discusses the need for an agile structure to inform the development of cybersecurity solutions that are not only widely adaptable to unknown threats, specific business practices, and technical requirements, but are also efficiently translatable to products. Report to Congress on the annual long-range plan for construction of naval vessels for fiscal year 2020 prepared by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. Consequently, the paper neither provides an exhaustive conceptualization of the organization of cyber capabilities, nor a set of fully fledged policy prescriptions of the requirements for intelligence services or military cyber commands to conduct specific cyber operations. Sx~otSKu'NKm c*(,G\X$u62|zJ^C1_ $7{j>3$+908 |xGcMxyI-udI&w6$E>Z@h1;{5_#wJMeB?8x7c9FFugDa+Qf;;~ << The analysis of the Dutch organization of cyber capabilities shows organizational separation between the DCC which can deploy cyber capabilities in the event of armed conflict and war and the intelligence services that can deploy cyber capabilities for intelligence and active defense purposes. NATO Headquarters NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE) (2012), Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Chicago, Council of the European Union, 9 March 2021, Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, 16 December 2020, Council of the European Union, 30 July 2020, Council of the European Union (12 April 2019). Yet, as emphasized by the Norwegian Foreign Policy Institute (NUPI), given the high degree of secrecy around these issues, we do not know the division of labor between PST [Police Security Service], NSM [National Security Authority] and the Intelligence Service here, but it can be demanding to maintain concrete and formal distinctions between acquisition, impact operations, and security measures in the digital space. (POSTED: May 24, 2022) The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps climate strategy, Climate Action 2030, setsthe Department of the Navy (DON) on a path to achieve the Nations commitment to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, while becoming a more capable, agile, and lethal fighting force. They ultimately broke into fewer than 100 choice networksincluding those of Fortune 500 companies like Microsoft and the US Justice Department, State Department, and NASA (Newman Citation2021). Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Reports (2018) Offense as the New Defense: New Life for NATO's Cyber Policy. Along the same line, the Ministry of Defense emphasizes, in its Defence Vision 2035: Fighting for a safer future, the need for organizational decompartmentalization when countering hybrid threats in the information environment (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 17) and promises to devote attention to the hybrid strategic competition between war and peace (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 23). /Annots [11 0 R] The strategy directs follow-on implementation efforts for U.S. Navy and Marine Corps counterparts to identify initiatives to be a modern, lethal, agile force that can fight and win anywhere in the world. it is, according to the Ministry of Defense, neither necessary nor desirable to create a cyber command outside the Intelligence Service. He also emphasized both the long-term goal of eliminating nuclear weapons and the requirement that the United States have modern, flexible, and resilient nuclear capabilities that are safe and secure until such a time as nuclear weapons can prudently be eliminated from the world. The EU's Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade. Accordingly, cybersecurity research is increasingly guided by the empirical reality of persistent cyber operations across the conflict spectrum (Cavelty and Wenger Citation2020, 16). 245 0 obj <>stream The plan highlights the Navys work in coordination with the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) to build a modernized naval force that makes needed contributions to advance the Joint Forces ability to campaign effectively, deter aggression, and, if required, win decisively in combat. Burton and Christou (Citation2021, 1727) observe how more and more international actors develop and use offensive cyber tools for a broad range of strategic purposes, including espionage, subversion, coercion, war-fighting and hybrid warfare campaigns. In 2018, the Norwegian Ministry of Defense (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2018, 8) explained, in an investment plan accepted by the government, that. Second, neither consistency in organizational collaboration, separation, nor centralization will automatically translate into efficient operational cyber capabilities to be deployed in intelligence contest, strategic competition, or military confrontation. The doctrine calls for increased coordination and collaboration between the Cyber Command and the intelligence services. /Type /Page 3523 - Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act, President Ilves at Harvard University: all members of NATO must share a common understanding of cyber security, Congressional Testimony: U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Securing Americas Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012., International Cyber Diplomacy: Promoting Openness, Security and Prosperity in a Networked World, International Strategy for Cyberspace : Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World, Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010, Cyberspace Policy Review : Assuring a Trusted and Resilient Information and Communications Infrastructure, The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. The paper proceeds by locating the study in relation to relevant debates in cybersecurity scholarship. 3. 11 0 obj In military operations the Intelligence Service coordinates the activity with the Armed Forces operational headquarters (FOH). However, it is unclear whether decision makers have systematically assessed how the organizational model allows for the operational capacity to travel from, translate into, and shape intelligence and military entities and to which strategic and governance implications. The "Naval Aviation Vision, 2016-2025" presents a unified U.S. Navy and Marine Corps roadmap to deliver the current readiness and future capability required of Naval Aviation in support of national strategy. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] 3 A ransomware attack allegedly carried out by Russian criminals.
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