[59] The impressment of boys for service as singers in St. Paul's Cathedral and the royal chapel continued during this period. She envisioned a church rooted in traditional religious practices but upheld essential Protestant elements such as clerical marriage, Bibles in the vernacular language, and offering both kinds of communion (bread and wine) to all. Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. This act stipulated what the interior of churches should look like. Once Whitgift had destroyed presbyterian activism, he was content to leave the Puritans alone. The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. What was a Catholic element of the new Church of England? Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. When not in use, it was to be oriented north to south, the same as an altar. What was a Protestant element of the new Church of England? Elizabeth's efforts led to the Religious Settlement, a legal process by which the Protestant Church of England was restored and the queen took the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Made Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. Which of the two mentioned historians do you agree with? Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". Books . The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was composed of the following principal elements: Henry VIII had started the English Reformation which split the Church in England from Catholic Rome. This was partially due to ambiguous doctrinal changes which did not greatly affect everyday life, among other factors. We want people all over the world to learn about history. Regardless of how quickly Elizabethan reform spread throughout England, the legislation of the Elizabethan Settlement did stabilize the face of the Church of England. [77] In 1562, the Council of Trent ruled out any outward conformity or Nicodemism for Catholics: "You may not be present at such prayers of heretics, or at their sermons, without heinous offence and the indignation of God, and it is far better to suffer most bitter cruelties than to give the least sign of consent to such wicked and abominable rites. [64][pageneeded] In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. After Elizabeth's death, the Puritans were challenged by a high church, Arminian party that gained power during the reign of Charles I. But that does not mean that it was never again contested. The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Church of England split from the Catholic Church led by the Pope in Rome. Yes and no. From across the sea, an art revolution is coming. [84], Leading Protestants within the Church of England were attracted to the Reformed churches of south Germany and Switzerland led by theologians such as John Calvin, Heinrich Bullinger and others. Two bishops were sent to the Tower of London as a consequence. These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. Christians must not make oaths for civic duty. When Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, England's religious situation was dire. The main features of the settlement include: establishing a Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure and making Queen Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. Immediately, she established that England was not tied to Rome in any way. Within the Church of England, a Calvinist consensus developed among leading churchmen. Queen Elizabeth was in attendance for the opening speech which was delivered by Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. Did the Elizabethan Settlement heal the divide between English Catholics and Protestants? [30] The revised Book of Common Prayer removed this denunciation of the Pope. [25][26], Following the Queen's failure to grant approval to the previous bill, Parliament reconvened in April 1559. The Elizabethan Settlement did not heal the divide between Protestants and Catholics. Please donate to our server cost fundraiser 2023, so that we can produce more history articles, videos and translations. The queen's precise personal views on religion were difficult to determine. The 1662 prayer book mandated by the 1662 Act of Uniformity was a slightly revised version of the previous book. They went through several revisions and were finalized in 1571 and added to the Book of Common Prayer. Edward VI's death is believed to be caused by a subsequent case of tuberculosis after he suffered from measles. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". Its 100% free. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Twenty bishops (all Roman Catholics)[22] sat in the House of Lords as Lords Spiritual, and the Lords in general were opposed to change. Meaning he could finally divorce Catherine! The Elizabethan settlement of 1559 also known as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement contained a middle way solution to the Catholicism and Protestantism. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful. Taken together the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, supplemented by Royal Injunctions in July 1559, completed the settlement of religion upon which the Church of England is based. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement proved to be far more successful than the reforms imposed by Mary . It is more accurate to call Whitgift and those like him conformists, since the word conservative carries connotations of Catholicism. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 re-introduced the Book of Common Prayer from Edward's reign, which contained the liturgical services of the church. Search here. . Indulge in gifts inspired by its Elizabethan symbolism. "For a while, it was possible to sustain an attenuated Catholicism within the parish framework, by counterfeiting the mass, teaching the seven sacraments, preserving images of saints, reciting the rosary, observing feasts, fasts, and customs". The Holy Scriptures contain "all things necessary for salvation. [107] Due to their belief in free will, this new faction is known as the Arminian party, but their high church orientation was more controversial. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. When his request was denied, Henry separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its supreme head on earth. The Queen never forgave John Knox for writing The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. This illustrated guide gives an overview of the context, creation and significance of the Portrait, alongside evaluation of Elizabeths legacy A wondrous decorative ornament inspired by the armillary sphere astronomical instrument. Both attempts failed, mainly because of the Queen's opposition. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. In the end, the Queen and the bishops reached an unspoken compromise. [112], The Church of England was fundamentally changed. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. In the end, Archbishop Parker issued a code of discipline for the clergy called the Advertisements, and the most popular and effective Protestant preachers were suspended for non-compliance. One thing Elizabeth did insist upon was to reinstate herself as head of the Church. It was designed to settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs. While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". Thank you! [4] The doctrines of purgatory, prayer for the dead and the intercession of saints were also rejected during this time. A priest found guilty of performing a mass could face the death penalty. Help our mission to provide free history education to the world! Essay on Elizabeth's religious settlement. Elizabeth I knew that one of her first acts as queen needed to resolve the ongoing confusion about what the Church of England was. [38] In 1559, Elizabeth was still unsure of the theological orientation of her Protestant subjects, and she did not want to offend the Lutheran rulers of northern Europe by veering too far into the Reformed camp. Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? [48] These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. This group was led by Richard Neile of Durham and became known as the Durham House group. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. Most of the parish clergy were Catholics. Henry VIII officially broke with the Catholic Church in Rome in 1534 by passing the First Act of Supremacy, making himself head of a new Church of England. The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Church of England split from the Catholic Church led . [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. [118] Although Elizabeth I "cannot be credited with a prophetic latitudinarian policy which foresaw the rich diversity of Anglicanism", her preferences made it possible. [33] The rubric provided instructions for clerical vestments, stating that until the Queen ordered otherwise ministers were to "use such ornaments as were in use by the authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI". The reforms included allowing clerics to marry and denying transubstantiation. [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. How far do you agree? [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. For many Protestants, clerical vestments symbolised a continued belief in a priestly order separate from the congregation,[71] and could be interpreted by Catholics as affirmation of traditional doctrines. [86] Throughout her reign, the Queen successfully blocked attempts by Parliament and the bishops to introduce further change. Other Catholic traditions which were maintained included making the sign of the cross during a baptism and priests wearing traditional vestments. Others refused to conform. Almost 200 Catholic priests and those who helped them were hunted and burned. . Henry was later excommunicated from the Catholic Church after his secret marriage to Anne. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. There were priests who conformed to the prayer book while also providing the Mass to their parishioners. [20] Nevertheless, Protestants were emboldened to practice illegal forms of worship, and a proclamation on 27 December prohibited all forms other than the Latin Mass and the English Litany. Roman Catholics, however, would have no such freedom. Most Puritans, however, remained in the Church of England. The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church. Those who chose not to adhere to the Church of England's rules were persecuted. This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. The Thirty-nine Articles of 1563 CE (made law in 1571 CE) were the final part of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The specific words were: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life, and take, and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving. The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement. [47] Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. Fig. Hard-line Protestants and Catholics in England were both dissatisfied with Elizabeth's pragmatic stance as she went for a more middle-of-the-road approach which appealed to the largely indifferent majority of her subjects. Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? However, as a result of the Northern Rebellion, excommunication by the Pope and challenge of MQS, E was forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics. Historians debate how fast and complete the settlement changed religion in England. [86] In general, the bishops considered clerical dress adiaphora and tried to find compromise, but the Queen believed that the churchand herself as Supreme Governorhad authority to determine rites and ceremonies. [40] Across the nation, parishes paid to have roods, images and altar tabernacles removed, which they had only recently paid to restore under Queen Mary. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). Around 900 ministers refused to subscribe to the new prayer book and were removed from their positions, an event known as the Great Ejection. Large numbers of deans, archdeacons, cathedral canons, and academics (mostly from Oxford but also from Cambridge) lost their positions. 'Bloody Mary's' brief reign was ended by cancer, and her half-sister Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 CE. "[108] Laudianism, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. Essentially, they covered all the matters not yet set out in previous legislation and aimed to definitively establish what was meant by the English version of Protestantism, otherwise known as Anglicism. Elizabeth's coronation gives a clue to her middle-of-the-road position when, in Westminster Abbey, the mass was permitted but the newly crowned queen left before the elevation of the host (when the communion bread, now transformed into the body of Jesus Christ, is held up by the priest). Enjoy the bank holiday weekend celebrating King Charles III's coronation, Why do artists draw, and what can their sketches teach us about their skills and techniques? Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. It was a defeat for the Queen's legislative programme, so she withheld royal assent. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. Catherine of Aragon was Henry VIII's brother's wife. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England, and a shortage of priests. [96], In 1577, Whitgift was made Bishop of Worcester and six years later Archbishop of Canterbury. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". The Church of Scotland was even more strongly Reformed, having a presbyterian polity and John Knox's liturgy, the Book of Common Order. The seminary priests were dependent on the gentry families of southern England. Essentially, the act returned churches to their appearance in 1549 CE. How could she reconcile the nation? During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. How successful was the Elizabethan religious settlement? ", Salvation comes from God's grace alone and not through good works. [97] The majority of conformists were part of the Reformed consensus that included the Puritans; what divided the parties were disputes over church government. As the queen put it, she would "open windows into no man's soul" (Woodward, 171). [42], To enforce her religious policies, Queen Elizabeth needed bishops willing to cooperate. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. [32] The Litany in the 1552 book had denounced "the bishop of Rome, and all his detestable enormities". Fig. Unlike the majority of her subjects Elizabeth had no appetite for further reformation . Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. The 1559 Religious Settlement was an honest attempt to bring as many as was possible into the fold - but it could never have satisfied the wishes of those who were at the religious extremes of society. The Admonition Controversy was not a disagreement over soteriologyboth Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation. Last modified June 02, 2020. [65], With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second Book of Homilies with sermons on 20 topics. Thomas Sampson, a Marian exile, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone". Some lost faith in the Church of England as an agent of reform, becoming separatists and establishing underground congregations. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Elizabeth and her pro-reform ministers had to regroup and plan another strategy. Want to search our collection? The hybrid thus created was a compromise that left numerous issues unresolved. The Directory was not a liturgical book but only a set of directions and outlines for services. There are only two sacraments: Baptism and Communion, or the Lord's Supper. Elizabeth . [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. The queen was determined to see the act enforced and sent inspectors around the parishes for that purpose. One, "Of the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament", added more detail to the church's doctrine of the Eucharist, which was described as "spiritual food" and "a ghostly substance and not carnal" made real by faith. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful . Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1520-1598 CE) was Elizabeth Thomas Cranmer served as the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury Elizabeth I reigned as queen of England from 1558 to 1603 CE. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. [106], The Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop Lancelot Andrewes disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on predestination. Elizabeth . "[114] Historian Judith Maltby writes that Anglicanism as a recognisable tradition "owes more to the Restoration than the Reformation". [57] Churches employed singers for special occasions,[58] which might be paid with money, wine, or ale and bread. Find out with the European Space Agency's groundbreaking mission, Explore how water and the sea seeps into Shakespeare's works with the National Maritime Museum, Search our online database and exploreour objects, paintings, archives and library collectionsfrom home, Come behind the scenes at our state-of-the-art conservation studio, Visit the world's largest maritime library and archive collection at the National Maritime Museum, The Van de Veldes: Greenwich, Art and the Sea, Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition, Coronation celebrations at Royal Museums Greenwich, A Sea of Drawings: the art of the Van de Veldes, The Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre, Find out how you can use our collections for research, Royal Greenwich: A History in Kings and Queens by Pieter van der Merwe. [81] In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. Discover the art of the Van de Veldes at the Queen's House, See the world's greatest space photography at the National Maritime Museum, Picnics and treats, free workshops and tours, plus a very special World Record attempt! Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. What did the Elizabethan Religious Settlement do? It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. [48], In some instances, the injunctions contradicted the 1559 prayer book. [72] In the early years, some 300 Catholics fled, especially to the University of Louvain. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The "Jacobean consensus" was shattered, and the Church of England began defining itself less broadly. [100], In the Parliaments of 1584 and 1586, the Puritans attempted to push through legislation that would institute a presbyterian form of government for the Church of England and replace the prayer book with the service book used in Geneva. Under Mary's rule, England returned to the Catholic Church and recognised the pope's authority. It was given statutory force by the Subscription Act, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. P-The Religious settlement was successful because there was much about it that was acceptable to most Catholics. [89] These Puritans were not without influence, enjoying the support of powerful men such as the Earl of Leicester, Walter Mildmay, Francis Walsingham, the Earl of Warwick and William Cecil. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The 1588 Marprelate Controversy led to the discovery of the presbyterian organisation that had been built up over the years. They reduced the number to thirty-nine, leaving out a few that they thought would most offend the Catholics. Queen Elizabeth I wanted to build a stable, peaceful nation with a strong government, free from the influence of foreign powers in matters of the church and the state. The Elizabethan Settlement sought to provide a compromise between Protestants and Catholics by making a Church of England that had elements of both. This new amalgamated version, like its predecessors, set out how church services should be conducted and was itself to be used in those services. Queen Elizabeth I inherited a nation suffering from religious flux, but went on to build a stable, peaceful nation. However, only 4% of all lower clergy . All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. After the Restoration in 1660, the Settlement was restored, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. The outbreak of Protestant radicalism during the English Civil War challenged ideas of inclusion and tolerance within the church. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The debate quickly descended into name-calling and two of the Catholics were sent to the Tower for contempt. [43], Elizabeth chose Matthew Parker to replace Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury. It seemed that out of sight was out of mind, and this principle would apply to practising Christians of both sides in the debate. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of . This division began during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. Ultimately, all but two bishops (the undistinguished Anthony Kitchin of Llandaff and the absentee Thomas Stanley of Sodor and Man) lost their posts. Cartwright, Mark. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What religion was Elizabeth I ?, What is the Elizabethan Religious Settlement ?, Was the Religious Settlement successful ? [40], Another historian, Diarmaid MacCulloch, also finds Neale's thesis flawed. The upheaval by yet another major religious reform resulted in rebellion in many English provinces. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. It is also true that many preachers simply carried on as before hoping not to be noticed by the authorities - who in some cases were sympathetic at a local level.
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