The major urban centers in the Southeast are already impacted by poor air quality during warmer months. 7: Ecosystems, Figure 7.4).179 Some problematic invasive species are expected to be favored by changing winters. Rosenzweig, C., W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, T. Bowman, and S. Ali Ibrahim, 2015: ARC3.2 Summary for City Leaders. Like urban centers, rural areas with significant manufacturing bases develop commerce hubs and advanced supply chains in specific industries to compete with producers globally. Walsh, J., D. Wuebbles, K. Hayhoe, J. Kossin, K. Kunkel, G. Stephens, P. Thorne, R. Vose, M. Wehner, J. Willis, D. Anderson, S. Doney, R. Feely, P. Hennon, V. Kharin, T. Knutson, F. Landerer, T. Lenton, J. Kennedy, and R. Somerville, 2014: Ch. USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS), Washington, DC, accessed April 25. The size of a business operation and the markets it can sell to impact its effectiveness and efficiency. The Northeast Coastal non-metropolitan area includes Bertie, Camden, Chowan, Dare, Halifax, Hertford, Hyde, Martin, Northampton, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell, Warren, and Washington counties. Hsiang, S., R. Kopp, A. Jina, J. Morss, R. E., O. V. Wilhelmi, G. A. Meehl, and L. Dilling, 2011: Improving societal outcomes of extreme weather in a changing climate: An integrated perspective. These areas are linked through many processes, commuting patterns, and shared central services, such as airports and hospitals, that connect the risks. Drummond, M. A., and T. R. Loveland, 2010: Land-use pressure and a transition to forest-cover loss in the eastern United States. Fire has historically played an important role in the region, and ecological diversity in many southeastern natural systems is dependent upon fire.115,116,134,189 Although the total area burned by wildfire is greatest in the western United States, the Southeast has the largest area burned by prescribed fire (see Case Study Prescribed Fire) and the highest number of wildfires.134,190 In the future, rising temperatures and increases in the duration and intensity of drought are expected to increase wildfire occurrence and also reduce the effectiveness of prescribed fire.3,4,5,6 Moreover, rapid urban expansion near managed forests has the potential to reduce opportunities to use prescribed fire, which could lead to native species declines, increased wildfire occurrence, and economic and health impacts.134,191. Models are limited in their ability to incorporate adaptation that may reduce losses. There ishigh confidencethat flood risks willvery likelyincrease in coastal and low-lying regions of the Southeast due to rising sea level and an increase in extreme rainfall events. Federal Transit Administration, Washington, DC, 49 pp. For example, higher rates of heat-related illness have been reported in rural North Carolina compared to urban locations.280 However, strategies to reduce health impacts on hot days, such as staying indoors or altering times outdoors, are already contributing to reducing heat-related illness in the Southeast.281, Workers in the agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing sectors together with construction and support, waste, and remediation services work are the most highly vulnerable to heat-related deaths in the United States, representing almost 68% of heat-related deaths nationally.282 Six of the ten states with the highest occupational heat-related deaths in these sectors are in the Southeast region, accounting for 28.6% of occupational heat-related deaths between 2000 and 2010.282 By 2090, under a higher scenario (RCP8.5), the Southeast is projected to have the largest heat-related impacts on labor productivity in the country, resulting in average annual losses of 570 million labor hours, or $47 billion (in 2015 dollars, undiscounted), a cost representing a third of total national projected losses, although these figures do not include adaptations by workers or industries (Figure 19.21).35, Investing in increased cooling is one likely form of adaptation. B. Smith, W. Perkins, L. Jantarasami, and J. Martinich, 2015: Climate change risks to US infrastructure: Impacts on roads, bridges, coastal development, and urban drainage. North Carolinas Blue Economy information series provides updates related to the states ocean economy and underlying natural resources. WebProducts of the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region: Seafood: Valley and Ridge's industry: Farming: Appalachian Plateau's major industry: Coal mining: Blue Ridge region's While urban areas such as Baton Rouge and Lafayette were hit the hardest, receiving upwards of 30 inches in a few days, coastal locations were also inundated with up to 20 inches of rain. Gallo, A., 2016: Which Baton Rouge ZIP codes were hit hardest? Another abundant natural resource that the Coastal Plains contains is rocks and sediments that get washed up along the many rivers and streams, which are used to make cement, roads, and clay. The previous record year was 2005 with a total of $214.8 billion (in 2017 dollars; $208.4 billion in 2015 dollars), which included the impacts of Hurricanes Dennis, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma.99, In 2017, Hurricane Irma was one of three major hurricanes to make landfall in the United States and territories, with the most significant impacts occurring in the Southeast region. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 432 pp. NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Key West, FL, accessed February 27. The combined effects of changing extreme rainfall events and sea level rise are already increasing flood frequencies, which impacts property values and infrastructure viability, particularly in coastal cities. Amenities and quality-of-life increasingly influence rural migration flows and business development. The Southeast includes vast expanses of coastal and inland low-lying areas, the southern portion of the Appalachian Mountains, numerous high-growth metropolitan areas, and large rural expanses. Winter air temperature extremes (for example, freezing and chilling events) constrain the northern limit of many tropical and subtropical species.138,139,140,141,142,143,144 Certain ecosystems in the region are located near thresholds where small changes in winter air temperature regimes can trigger comparatively large and abrupt landscape-scale ecological changes (in other words, ecological regime shifts).135,145 Reductions in the frequency and intensity of cold winter air temperature extremes can allow tropical and subtropical species to move northward and replace more temperate species. Park, 2014: From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from sea level rise. The goal: to restore the Rhine and Meuse systems flood plain and allow the restored natural river landscape to safely manage water flow in times of excess capacity. Clark, P. U., A. S. Dyke, J. D. Shakun, A. E. Carlson, J. Clark, B. Wohlfarth, J. X. Mitrovica, S. W. Hostetler, and A. M. McCabe, 2009: The last glacial maximum. NWS starts with the assumption that when the average outside temperature is 65F, heating or cooling is not needed in order to be comfortable. Mitchell, R. J., L. K. Kirkman, S. D. Pecot, C. A. Wilson, B. J. Palik, and L. R. Boring, 1999: Patterns and controls of ecosystem function in longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas. The Lower Coastal Plain includes the actual coastal area of the state and the Sea Islands, as well as the Okefenokee Swamp. Lewis, T.K. The composition of the rural workforce is evolving, with new demographic groups seeking out employment opportunities. Chavez-Ramirez, F., and W. Wehtje, 2012: Potential impact of climate change scenarios on whooping crane life history. Monaghan, A. J., C. W. Morin, D. F. Steinhoff, O. Wilhelmi, M. Hayden, D. A. Quattrochi, M. Reiskind, A. L. Lloyd, K. Smith, C. A. Schmidt, P. E. Scalf, and K. Ernst, 2016: On the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the Zika virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in the contiguous United States. 4 North Carolina Broadband Infrastructure Office. 12: Transportation, KM 1).52,63,67,68. Winter temperature extremes, fire regimes, sea levels, hurricanes, rainfall extremes, drought extremes, and warming ocean temperatures greatly influence the distribution, abundance, and performance of species and ecosystems. they call it the gulf coastal plain because it close to the gulf of Mexico:} People also asked. Kovach, M. M., C. E. Konrad, and C. M. Fuhrmann, 2015: Area-level risk factors for heat-related illness in rural and urban locations across North Carolina, USA. Multiple lines of research have shown that global sea levels have increased in the past and are projected to continue to accelerate in the future due to increased global temperature and that higher local sea level rise rates in the Mid-Atlantic and Gulf Coasts have occurred.51,52,53,54,55,56,57,59,61,62, Annual occurrences of high tide flooding have increased, causing several Southeast coastal cities to experience all-time records of occurrences that are posing daily risks.1,52,58,60,61,63,67,68, There is scientific consensus that sea level rise will continue to cause increases in high tide flooding in the Southeast as well as impact the frequency and duration of extreme water level events, causing an increase in the vulnerability of coastal populations and property.1,60,63,67,68, In the future, coastal flooding is projected to become more serious, disruptive, and costly as the frequency, depth, and inland extent grow with time.1,2,35,64,65,67,68, Many analyses have determined that extreme rainfall events have increased in the Southeast, and under higher scenarios, the frequency and intensity of these events are projected to increase.19,21,88, Rainfall records have shown that since NCA3, many intense rainfall events (approaching 500-year events) have occurred in the Southeast, with some causing billions of dollars in damage and many deaths.68,82,84, The flood events in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in 2016 and in South Carolina in 2015 provide real examples of how vulnerable inland and coastal communities are to extreme rainfall events.81,85,86, The socioeconomic impacts of climate change on the Southeast is a developing research field.65,71. Multiple studies have projected that urban areas, including those in the Southeast, will be adversely affected by climate change in a variety of ways. B. Claydon, T. L. Metz, A. L. Gordon, A. M. Landry, D. J. Shaver, J. Blumenthal, L. Collyer, B. J. Godley, A. McGowan, M. J. Witt, C. L. Campbell, C. J. Lagueux, T. L. Bethel, and L. Kenyon, 2017: Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic. Service Assessment. NOAA Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. U.S. Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Alexandria VA, 224 pp. A., S. V. Stehman, and T. R. Loveland, 2003: Landscape trends in mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States ecoregions. Desantis, L. R. G., S. Bhotika, K. Williams, and F. E. Putz, 2007: Sea-level rise and drought interactions accelerate forest decline on the Gulf Coast of Florida, USA. Storey, M., and E. W. Gudger, 1936: Mortality of fishes due to cold at Sanibel Island, Florida, 1886-1936. Detection and attribution of flood events are difficult due to multiple variables that cause flooding. See answer (1) Best Answer. The Southeasts diverse natural systems, which provide many benefits to society, will be transformed by climate change. 15: Tribes, KM 2). Businesses locate where they can maximize profit, which often depends on regional uniqueness and comparative advantage. High temperatures, increases in accumulated plant material on the forest floor, and a four-month seasonal drought in the fall of 2016 collectively produced the worst wildfires the region has seen in a century. NOAA Tech. Horney, J., M. Nguyen, D. Salvesen, C. Dwyer, J. Cooper, and P. Berke, 2017: Assessing the quality of rural hazard mitigation plans in the southeastern United States. Peachesan important crop in the Southeastrequire an adequate period of cool temperatures, called the chill period, to produce yields that are economically viable. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink, 2007: Wetlands. In coming years, high-amenity and urban-adjacent rural areas that comprise North Carolinas coastal region are likely to continue to be competitive in a global economy, while more remote rural places may require additional investment to thrive. In fact, a recent economic study using a higher scenario (RCP8.5)11 suggests that the southern and midwestern populations are likely to suffer the largest losses from projected climate changes in the United States. Miller, R., D. Arthur, B. Barami, A. Breck, S. Costa, K. Lewis, K. McCoy, and E. Morrison, 2016: Hampton Roads Climate Impact Quantification Initiative: Baseline Assessment of the Transportation Assets & Overview of Economic Analyses Useful in Quantifying Impacts. Kreye, J. K., J. M. Varner, J. K. Hiers, and J. Mola, 2013: Toward a mechanism for eastern North American forest mesophication: Differential litter drying across 17 species. Zervas, C., 2009: Sea level variations of the United States 1854-2006. Rising, and Paul Wilson, 2015: Economic Risks of Climate Change: An American Prospectus. Case Study: Charleston, South Carolina, Begins Planning and Reinvesting for Sea Level Rise, Case Study: A Lesson Learned for Community Resettlement: Isle de Jean Charles Band of Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribe, Case Study: Coastal and Inland Impacts of Extreme Rainfall. Schnell, J. L., and M. J. Prather, 2017: Co-occurrence of extremes in surface ozone, particulate matter, and temperature over eastern North America. WebView all Coastal Plains Animal Clinic jobs in El Campo, TX - El Campo jobs - Veterinary Technician jobs in El Campo, TX. The city has responded by making physical modifications, developing a more robust disaster response plan, and improving planning and monitoring prior to flood events. The Southeasts coastal plain and inland low-lying regions support a rapidly growing population, a tourism economy, critical industries, and important cultural resources that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts (very likely, very high confidence). U.S. 9: Oceans, KM 1). CISA, 2016: The South Carolina Floods of October 2015. Sugg, M. M., C. E. Konrad, and C. M. Fuhrmann, 2016: Relationships between maximum temperature and heat-related illness across North Carolina, USA. NOAAs National Weather Service (NWS) issues coastal flood advisories and warnings when water levels at tide gauges are expected to exceed flood thresholds. Along the coast, for example, warmer winter temperatures are expected to allow mangrove forests to move northward and replace salt marshes (Figures 19.16 and 19.17).135,149,150,151,152 Coastal wetlands, like mangrove forests and salt marshes, are abundant in the Southeast.153,154 The societal benefits provided by coastal wetlands are numerous.119 Hence, where coastal wetlands are abundant (for example, the Mississippi River Delta), their cumulative value can be worth billions of dollars each year and trillions of dollars over a 100-year period.155 Coastal wetlands provide seafood, improve water quality, provide recreational opportunities, reduce erosion, support food webs, minimize flooding impacts, and support high rates of carbon sequestration.118 Foundation species are species that create habitat and support entire ecological communities.156,157 In coastal wetlands and many other ecosystems, foundation plant species play an especially important role. Long causeways with intermittent bridges to connect the mainland to these popular tourism destinations were built decades ago at only a few feet above MHHW. Supplement to State of the Climate: National Overview for June 2017. Doughty, C. L., J. NOAA Atlas 14 Volume 9. Ellison, A. M., M. S. Bank, B. D. Clinton, E. A. Colburn, K. Elliott, C. R. Ford, D. R. Foster, B. D. Kloeppel, J. D. Knoepp, G. M. Lovett, J. Mohan, D. A. Orwig, N. L. Rodenhouse, W. V. Sobczak, K. A. Stinson, J. K. Stone, C. M. Swan, J. Thompson, B. Vergs, A., P. D. Steinberg, M. E. Hay, A. G. B. Poore, A. H. Campbell, E. Ballesteros, K. L. Heck, D. J. Booth, M. A. Coleman, D. A. Feary, W. Figueira, T. Langlois, E. M. Marzinelli, T. Mizerek, P. J. Mumby, Y. Nakamura, M. Roughan, E. van Sebille, A. S. Gupta, D. A. Smale, F. Tomas, T. Wernberg, and S. K. Wilson, 2014: The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems: Climate-mediated changes in herbivory and community phase shifts. For example, broadband access is still limited in some rural areas, curtailing the types of businesses that can locate there. Jenkins, C. N., K. S. Van Houtan, S. L. Pimm, and J. O. Sexton, 2015: US protected lands mismatch biodiversity priorities. Mayor's Office, Charleston, SC, 17 pp. Saha, A. K., S. Saha, J. Sadle, J. Jiang, M. S. Ross, R. M. Price, L. S. L. O. Sternberg, and K. S. Wendelberger, 2011: Sea level rise and South Florida coastal forests. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 40 (1): 97-118. 10: Ag & Rural, KM 1).267,268 Although ramps are found all along the Appalachian mountain range, on Cherokee ancestral lands, they are already in their southernmost range. Beard, C. B., R. J. Eisen, C. M. Barker, J. F. Garofalo, M. Hahn, M. Hayden, A. J. Monaghan, N. H. Ogden, and P. J. Schramm, 2016: Ch. Rural communities are integral to the Southeasts cultural heritage and to the strong agricultural and forest products industries across the region. These factors restrict the potential to strongly associate declines in agricultural and forest productivity with the level of potential economic impact. See Guide to this Report for more on Projected labor hours lost vary by global climate model, time frame, and scenario, with a mean of 0.57 and a model range of 0.340.82 billion labor hours lost each year for RCP8.5 by 2090. USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS), Washington, DC, accessed March 14. Urban areas have higher concentrations of CO2, which causes allergenic plants, such as ragweed, to grow faster and produce more pollen than in rural areas.40 Continued rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 levels are projected to further contribute to aeroallergens in cities (Ch. As a result, the ecological resources that people depend on for livelihood, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk, and future generations can expect to experience and interact with natural systems that are much different than those that we see today. Area > 290.00 km2 (111.97 sq mi) Population > 32,215 (2015 Census) Terrain > Mountainous with narrow Coastal Plain Industries > Agriculture, Trading, Tourism Major Products > Rice, Corn, Fish, Coconut, Vegetables, Pineapple, Poultry, Handicraft, Home-made Food Items People/Language > Tagalog, Bicolano, English 100 Resilient Cities, 150 pp. Lovett, H. B., S. B. Snider, K. K. Gore, and R. C. Muoz, Eds., 2016: Luce, C. H., J. M. Vose, N. Pederson, J. Campbell, C. Millar, P. Kormos, and R. Woods, 2016: Contributing factors for drought in United States forest ecosystems under projected future climates and their uncertainty. In the Southeast, winter temperature extremes, fire regimes, sea level fluctuations, hurricanes, extreme rainfall, and extreme drought all play critical roles and greatly influence the distribution, structure, and function of species and ecosystems. Attaway, J. Wiki User. Williams, K., Z. S. Pinzon, R. P. Stumpf, and E. A. Raabe, 1999: Sea-level rise and coastal forests on the Gulf of Mexico. Embedded in these land- and seascapes is a rich cultural history developed over generations by the many communities that call this region home. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, various pp. Williams, A. P., C. D. Allen, A. K. Macalady, D. Griffin, C. A. Woodhouse, D. M. Meko, T. W. Swetnam, S. A. Rauscher, R. Seager, H. D. Grissino-Mayer, J. S. Dean, E. R. Cook, C. Gangodagamage, M. Cai, and N. G. McDowell, 2013: Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. At the coast, a combination of high tide and heavy rain caused significant flooding in downtown Charleston. Bell, M. L., R. Goldberg, C. Hogrefe, P. L. Kinney, K. Knowlton, B. Lynn, J. Rosenthal, C. Rosenzweig, and J. The ability to cope with current and potential impacts, such as flooding, is further reduced by limited county resources. Cangialosi, J. P., A. S. Latto, and R. Berg, 2018: Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irma (AL112017), 30 August-12 September 2017. Traditionally, governments and companies have taken a reactive, risk-based approach to water management, one that focuses on mitigating the economic consequences of floods and droughts but pays little consideration to environmental impacts. Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, various pp. What is the industry for Atlantic Coastal Plain? In Jacksonville, Florida, heavy rains were the major issue causing rivers to reach major or record flood stage and flooded some city streets up to 5 feet deep in water. Williams, C. M., H. A. L. Henry, and B. J. Sinclair, 2015: Cold truths: How winter drives responses of terrestrial organisms to climate change. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 312 pp. Financial capital will follow where labor and land quality are high. Sweet, W. V., and J. J. Marra, 2016: 2015 State of U.S. Nuisance Tidal Flooding. Percentage Change in Population of Non-Metropolitan Coastal Counties, 2010-2017. to development pressure on the coast and immediately inland as people move to find jobs in the tourism-related service industries. They are found in the different sub-regions called: Post Oak-Belt, Piney Woods, and the Blackland Prairies. For example, in Norfolk, Virginia, local relative sea level rise has led to a fourfold increase in the probability of exceeding NWS thresholds compared to the 1960s (Figure 19.8). European Commission, Insight_E, Stockholm, Sweden, 77 pp. Summer increases in dengue cases are expected across every state in the Southeast. For example, oyster farmers must locate their operations in waters with appropriate salinity levels, but this coastal environment cannot easily be replicated artificially. Day, R. Boumans, and K. Bagstad, 2010: Gaining Ground: Wetlands, Hurricanes and the Economy: The Value of Restoring the Mississippi River Delta. Labor-saving technologies in both industries have reduced the need for workers. Center for Progressive Reform White Paper. Rural Communities near North Carolinas coasts are neither consistently prospering nor uniformly in decline. WebThese three counties are located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and are easy places to reach by water. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. Conner, W. H., T. W. Doyle, and K. W. Krauss, Eds., 2007: Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Biloxi Mississippi Code of Ordinances, 2017: Binita, K.-C., J. M. Shepherd, and C. J. Gaither, 2015: Climate change vulnerability assessment in Georgia. For example, certain insect species, including mosquitoes and tree-damaging beetles, are expected to move northward in response to climate change, which could affect human health and timber supplies.30,144,166,167,168,169,170,171,172 And some bird species, including certain ducks, are not expected to migrate as far south in response to milder winters,173 which could affect birding and hunting recreational opportunities. These perigean tides, also known as king tides, occur twice a year and in many cities are causing what has been called nuisance or recurrent flooding (referred to herein as high tide flooding). Non-Metropolitan and Metropolitan Counties in Eastern North Carolina. A. Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem. It is part of a larger area called the southern Piedmont, which is located in the southeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States and is about 870 miles long and 60 to 190 miles wide. EPA, 2015: Case Study: Water and Wastewater Utilities Planning for Climate Change. Climatic conditions are currently suitable for adult mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, which can spread dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, across most of the Southeast from July through September (Figure 19.6), and cities in South Florida already have suitable conditions for year-round mosquito activity. Provancha, M. J., P. A. Schmalzer, and C. R. Hall, 1986: Effects of the December 1983 and January 1985 freezing air temperatures on select aquatic poikilotherms and plant species of Merritt Island, Florida. WebCoastal Plains Trucking provides safe, superior logistics services to consistently deliver value to our customers. Starr, G., C. L. Staudhammer, H. W. Loescher, R. Mitchell, A. Whelan, J. K. Hiers, and J. J. O'Brien, 2015: Time series analysis of forest carbon dynamics: Recovery of Pinus palustris physiology following a prescribed fire. The assets in a community affect its development path. These risks vary in type and magnitude from place to place, and while some climate change impacts, such as sea level rise and extreme downpours, are being acutely felt now, others, like increasing exposure to dangerously high temperaturesoften accompanied by high humidityand new local diseases, are expected to become more significant in the coming decades. NOAA Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. A recent example of the importance of fire lies in the forests of the southern Appalachians.
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