Create your account, 21 chapters | Fig. Final Devolution in Nigeria Quiz Question Which of the following is NOT a group seeking to secede from or otherwise separate from Nigeria? In 1989, the Iron Curtain collapsed, the Berlin Wall fell, and the devolution process was instrumental in forming the contemporary states present today in Eastern Europe. Devolution usually refers to the transfer of power from higher to lower levels of government. Finally, after Babangida retired and other military figures came and went, the country had democracy restored under a fourth constitution in 1999. Devolution DEFINITION: The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government BALKANIZATION vs. DEVOLUTION Balkanization usually results in a new independent State. There are several reasons why devolution would be desired. An error occurred trying to load this video. Once associated with revolution, France now specializes in devolution, the steady descent of its economic indicators. Spains economy could and probably will crash if Catalonia Lee, additionally Spanish culture will be split. They are called centrifugal forces, and some examples of these forces are religious, ethno-cultural, economic, and spatial differences and can lead to devolution. Countries with remote frontiers, isolated villages, rugged topography, or islands seek to be separate from their countrys central government. The central government has granted devolved governments for these regions. These organizations range from stateless terrorist groups to cultural minorities within the state, to other countries seeking to expand their political-territorial aims. Keep reading to learn more about the causes for devolution in Nigeria, the effects, and more. Historical and cultural factors: The history and culture of a region or locality can also play a role in shaping the devolutionary process. In Nigeria, with climate change, access to medicines that make cattle more resistant to diseases and the tsetse fly, and government support, Fulani pastoralists have been forced or enabled (depending on whether you take the side of the herders or the farmers) to move ever southward through the Middle Belt. For many countries, the answer might be "with a military dictatorship or a police state" because this could seem the easiest solution. Regional economic differences 3. In other cases, devolution may involve the transfer of fiscal powers, such as the ability to raise and spend revenue, or the power to legislate on certain issues. Londons decision to join the EU Scottish nationalism and during the 1990s, the Scottish National Party encouraged devolution. 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Ethnicity and religion increase cultural cohesion in the country by promoting shared political ideology. 1 - Nigeria's 36 states, and the Federal Capital Territory at the center. The national government in Westminster has devolved some of its powers to councils, such as setting council tax and organising rubbish collection. The concept of nation is important to note when we discuss forces that fragment a state. For example, supporters of states' rights in the United States favoured diffusing power away from Washington, D.C., toward state and local governments. Finally, they make a deal that she'll respect the rules of the house, but she can do whatever she wants in her own room. Sometimes, these boundaries change suddenly because of armed conflict or states change gradually through the process of devolution. These irredentist extremists support a "Caliphate" wiping away current boundaries and restoring a political map that last existed a millennium ago. There are several challenges to the political-territorial world order dominated by national governments. and possible pandemicsin such an age we are faced with the strange centrifugal force of devolution as many people lose faith in centralized authorities to solve their problems. For example, the European Union has played a role in encouraging devolution within its member states as a way to promote regional integration and cooperation. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. Scottish independence movement: The Scottish independence movement is a political movement in Scotland that seeks independence from the United Kingdom. Examples of Centrifugal Forces Irredentism --an external country may seek to expand its territory by appealing to people of the same culture living as a minority in a nearby country Pakistan. Flemish independence movement: The Flemish independence movement is a political movement in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium, that seeks independence from Belgium. They begrudgingly admired Northerners as "civilized" because of the scholarly written Islamic tradition stretching back centuries. That led to several challenges to ethnic autonomy and rights. With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss the changes resulting from supranationalism, C. With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss three changes resulting from devolution, Discuss three changes resulting from devolution in Europe (3 points). The theory that the political state was a living organism was used by Germany to expand and occupy its neighbors during World War II. That region may request a devolved government to govern itself in a way that's more relevant to its unique needs. Unlike in earlier republics, the Fourth Republic has seen the dominance of two major political parties (All Progressives Congress and People's Democratic Party) who vie for seats at the state and federal levels. The movement of power from a central government to regional governments (or subnational governments). This question is concerned with the political geography concepts of supra-nationalism and devolution. An example of devolution would be the British government transferring powers to Scotland in 1999. Devolutionary strategies have always been favored in Nigeria as a way of allowing all peoples representation while balancing the influences of the most powerful ethnic groups and dealing with several other major factors. When the Labour government of Tony Blair won power in 1997, it pledged to introduce another set of devolution proposals. And if you travel to Barcelona, it's more likely you'll see the Catalonian flag than the Spanish flag waving from rooftops. It can also help to reduce the burden on the central government and allow it to focus on issues of national importance. However, devolution can strengthen these ethno-regional identities, and sometimes that can strengthen the desire for independence. The movement is driven by a desire to protect the Basque language and culture, and to give the people of the Basque region more control over their own affairs. E. Identify and explain one internal effort on the part of a government to lessen devolutionary pressures in a country. Some of the world's most contentious and vexing disputes involve territory in: Crimea. The UK is a good example of devolution. There are many different types of autonomous regions, and the specific powers and responsibilities that are granted to them can vary depending on the context. In devolution, the central governing power still retains the ability to revoke or cancel the individual region's sovereignty and power. Yugoslavia ethnic and religious, violent "ethnic cleansing", separate nations Balkanization. Nigeria's Fourth Republic has stood since then, with multiple peaceful transfers of power from administration to administration. Similar forces are also felt in other regions of the world. Many separatist groups exist on the periphery and suffer from political and economic inequality and unequal treatment. Despite autonomy, independence movements are strong. Sub-nationalism can be driven by a variety of factors, including cultural or linguistic differences, economic disparities, or a desire to protect regional or local traditions and practices. I feel like its a lifeline. D. Describe how physical geography and territorial size contributes todevolutionary pressures within a country. It didn't work out that way. The new military government created provinces from the regions to allow for more representation, but it was too late. Devolutionary forces can eventually lead to fragmentation of the state. The recent military occupation by Russian forces and subsequent referendum to join Russia . Constitutional Democracy: Help and Review, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to the Study of American Government: Help and Review, The Spread of Democratic Ideals During the Revolutionary War, The Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and Shays Rebellion, The Constitutional Convention: The Great Compromise, The Ratification of the Constitution and the New U.S. Government, The US Constitution: Preamble, Articles and Amendments, Constitutional Provisions for Limited Government, The Bill of Rights: The Constitution's First 10 Amendments, Bicameral Legislature: Definition & Features, What is Representative Democracy? The First Nigerian Republic lasted three years and ended in a coup. For example, countries that have federal systems of government may have more established mechanisms for devolution, while countries with unitary systems may need to adopt new laws or constitutional amendments to enable devolution. The Muslim-Christian divide has been enflamed by the herder-farmer conflict and animosity against Fulanis. Centripetal forces unify a state by providing stability and creating solidarity. Disputes often arise over boundaries when countries disagree over the superimposed boundaries that split ethnic groups. Define both terms and give a geographic example for each, B. 4 0 obj On Sept. 11, 1997, voters in Scotland overwhelmingly backed the creation of a Scottish Parliament with tax-raising authority, and one week later Welsh voters narrowly approved the creation of the Welsh Assembly; both bodies began sittings in 1999. Governments can counter devolutionary groups and democracy movements with pro-government applications, information, news or media. Three Basic Devolutionary Forces 1) Ethic Forces 2) Economic Forces 3) Spatial Forces Ethic Forces (ethnocentral) A state contains strong ethnic groups with identities that differ from those of the majority. How do you use the Oghma Infinium multiple times? Here are a few examples of sub-nationalist movements: Catalan independence movement: The Catalan independence movement is a political movement in Catalonia, an autonomous region in northeastern Spain, that seeks independence from Spain. Each of the members of the United Kingdom wanted to have more individual control over their own country and not be beholden to the laws of England, who they saw as an oppressor. Unit 7: Compare Rostow & Wallerstein Models of Development . Half a century ago, the Igbo lost a war and were forced to rejoin Nigeria, but tensions have become enflamed as many feel they can go it alone, perhaps in league with Ambazonia separatist movements to the east in Cameroon, where devolution is also splintering the country.
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