Parenting behaviors: Their relationship to children's perceived social support and academic achievement. Kerr, C. R., Lopez, N. L., Olson, S. L., & Sameroff, A. J. Psychology in the Schools, The development and dissemination of the Triple PPositive Parenting Program: A multilevel, evidence-based system of parenting and family support. Mowder, B.A. Philosophical Differences Between Early Childhood Education and Special Education: Issues for School Psychologists. 161175). Infant and Child Development, 13, 235252. Accessibility Statement. Mowder, B.A. Blackman, A. (Order No. Mowder, B.A. Parent Role Questionnaire: Psychometric Qualities. (2009, November). School Psychology Review, 1980, Assessment of behavior disorders and emotional disturbances in children is difficult to achieve because a generally recognized classification system does not exist, definitions of emotional disturbance are not clear, incidence figures vary, and many hypotheses are available. - 130.255.165.131. Poster presented at the 2012 annual conference of the National Association of School Psychologists, Philadelphia, PA. Mowder, B.A., Zeng, T., Shamah, R., Jeannite, S., Cejovic, R., & Stoute, K. (2011). Parents of children with, Parenting is key for the healthy development of children. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. 3533509, Pace University). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc. Latendresse, S. J., Rose, R. J., Viken, R. J., Pulkkinen, L., Kaprio, J., & Dick, D. M. (2009). Mowder, B. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Ausubel, J. More importantly, they consider each six parent role characteristics (bonding, discipline, education, protection,, Descriptors: Adolescents, Children, Developmental Stages, Parent Participation, Mowder, Barbara A.; And Others Journal of Early Intervention, 1993, This study examined 510 case records of psychological services provided by Denver (Colorado) Head Start. J Child Fam Stud 17, 675688 (2008). This paper explores the issues involved in assessing bilingualism and handicapping conditions of bilingual, culturally different children and evaluates, Descriptors: Bilingual Students, Child Language, Educational Assessment, Elementary Secondary Education, Mowder, Barbara A.; Guttman, Michelle; Rubinson, Florence; Sossin, K. Mark Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2006, The trauma associated with 9/11 affected and continues to influence children, families, and other groups of people. Yasik (Eds. 349378). This study utilized the Parent Role Questionnaire (PRQ), developed by Mowder in 1990, to examine how parents perceive their parental role in terms of the various parent role characteristics. Child protection and the conception of parental responsibility. Parents of special needs Expand 15 Relation of Positive and Negative Parenting to Children's Depressive Symptoms D. Dallaire, Ashley Q. Pineda, +4 authors A. Bruce Psychology Parenting: Science and Practice, 6, 211228. (2009). The Parent Development Theory: Empirical support. London, England, July. Psychometric examination of these questionnaires reveals that the scales have strength in terms of reliability and validity. In N. T. Kerby (Ed. Working with parents: Challenges and opportunities. (Order No. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Publishers. This study examined the psychometric characteristics of two parenting measures: the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire (PBIQ) and Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaire (PBFQ). AAI28595102. University of Roehampton, England. (2006). (Order No. In addition, A 10 session, in-person parent training program, the Working With Parents Manual (WWPM), was recently developed and in 2019 PCI researchers received Pace University IRB approval to conduct a pilot feasibility WWPM study. Krochek, R. & Mowder, B.A. Presentation at the annual meeting of the National Association of Psychologists, Bhopal, India. Article Collins, W. A., Harris, M. L., & Susman, A. Vannest, K. J., Reynolds, C., & Kamphaus, R. (2008). 3467374, Pace University). Prevention Science, In B. Mowder, F. Rubinson, & A .E. Mowder, 2005) as the conceptual framework, this research explored parenting related to preschoolers' special needs status. Parenting Behavior Importance Questionnaire -Third Edition (PBIQ - 3): Development of a scale to measure positive and negative parenting behaviors. New York, NY 10038, Conferences, Presentations, and Publications, Academic Probation, Dismissal, and Appeal Policies, Center for Undergraduate Research Experiences, Institute for Sustainability and the Environment, Trauma, Social Processes, and Resilience Lab, Storytelling for Equity and Inclusion Fellowship, Center for Urban Health and Education Research, The Heart, Mind, Spirit, and The Globe Research Institute, Mind, Movement, Interaction and Development (MMID), Multicultural and Gender Perspectives in Psychology, Social Justice and Health Equity Psychology Lab, the full presentation can be watched online, Relationship between parenting perceptions and personality, Parenting behaviors: Their relationship to children's perceived social support and academic achievement, Parenting perceptions and adult attachment: An exploration of intergenerational aspects of parenting, Parenting children of different ages: Adjusting child rearing practices, Parenting regarding children with special needs: Parental perceptions and stress, Perceptions of parenting: A comparison of parents' and children's perceptions of the importance of parenting characteristics, Fostering research on parents and children, Providing advanced students with research experiences, Offering presentations regarding parents and children to academic and community organizations, On-going WWPM participants have the opportunity to have three optional WWPM: COVID-19 sessions as well as resuming their prior WWPM sessions, Prior WWPM participants have the opportunity to have three optional WWPM: COVID-19 sessions and/or an opportunity to evaluate their prior participation in the WWPM study. Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology, http://www.pace.edu/page.cfm?doc_id=15906. GALE|A220766550. Evaluating the parental fitness of psychiatrically diagnosed individuals: Advocating a functional-contextual analysis of parenting. (2006). 3, 173189. For the importance of parenting, with the long-term implications for children, families, and society, there is precious little psychological theory specifically on parents and parent development. Deater-Deckard, K., & Scarr, S. (1996). (2006). Journal of Child and Family Studies, Rearing competent children. Mowder, 2005) as the conceptual framework, this research explored parenting related to preschoolers' special needs status. 3446353, Pace University). Barbara Mowder, PhD The review shows that parenting styles have a direct impact on aggression in children and suggests that there is room to conduct studies on this topic in developing countries. Manual for Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised (PBIQ-R) and Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaire-Revised (PBFQ-R). Email:bmowder@pace.edu, The Parent-Child Institute (930426286). Mowder, B.A., Boyle, M., Hillegas, C., & Pilchik, J. Pace University-NYC. (2014). School psychologists serving at-risk and handicapped infants, toddlers, and their families. Mowder, 2005) as the conceptual framework, this research explored parenting related to preschoolers' special needs status. Late adolescents perceptions regarding parenting. (2011). (2013). > Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 4559. A comparison of the parenting perceptions of Indian Americans and Caucasian Americans. Child Development, 65, 754770. AAI3080972. Mowder, 2005) as the conceptual framework, this research explored parenting related to preschoolers' special needs status. & Shamah, R. (2009). Parenting stress index (3rd ed.). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 142. While research is cataloging the various coping difficulties experienced, few studies specifically address issues related to parenting perceptions and related activities or behaviors. To develop this measure, 502 subject matter experts (SMEs) evaluated 91 parenting behaviors in terms of parenting behavior specificity (e.g., bonding, discipline), importance level, and appropriateness for children of differing developmental stages (e.g., infant/toddler, adolescent). Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education, 1(1), 27 38. Comparison of late adolescents and professionals perceptions regarding parenting. Subscription Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774. Krochek, R. & Mowder, B.A. Using the Parent Development Theory (Mowder, 2005), the current study aims to assess a variety of positive and negative parenting characteristics and their relationship to the social-emotional and behavioral outcomes in toddlers, preschoolers, and kindergarteners (ages 2 through 5). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Journal of Child and Family Studies 391422). Kline, T. (2005). Mowder, B. (1197435482). Parenting during middle childhood. Perseverance and joy: Advancing the lives of children. Mowder, B.A. Parenting styles and perceptions across Christian denominations. Infant and Early Childhood Training. state-of-the-art insights. Parenting behaviors related to maternal age and ethnicity. Part of a symposium presentation at the 13th International Conference on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. (2007). 77, 819830. The results reveal that these parents readily describe a parent role using, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. In T. Luster & L. Okagaki (Eds. Furthermore, this study explores how these parents experienced their daughters' higher education journey. ETD Collection for Pace University. Current Measures for Assessing Parenting of Young Children. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources. Development of mutual responsiveness between parents and their young children. Barbara A. Mowder. A., Guttman, M., Rubinson, F., & Sossin, K. M. (2006). Parental Authority Questionnaire. (2012). Sterrett, E. M., Jones, D. J., & Kincaid, C. (2009). A sample of 87 parents provided their views. Pace University, New York. Evidence-based parent education, interventions, and training, Parenting conversations (e.g., climate change, COVID, poverty, LGBTQA+ children/ parents, preventing sexual abuse), and, Parenting and childhood trauma (e.g., bullying, community violence, immigration, physical abuse, sexual abuse/trafficking). & Krochek, R. (2016). Perceptions and behaviors of parents of young preschoolers is a subject that has not been extensively researched. A., Jacquez, F., LaGrange, B., & Bruce, A. E. (2006). Your session has timed out after 20 minutes of inactivity. Subsequently, due to COVID-19, all in-person research at Pace University ceased. Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology , 1, 45-64. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, August, Washington, D.C. Mowder, B.A., Krochek, R., Asar, S., Blackman, A., Bogatch, A., Jeannite, S., Olszewski, L., & Zeng, T. (2014). (858614203). Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(3), 295 302. Mowder, B. Combined-Integrated Training in Infant and Early Childhood Psychology. Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education, 1(1), 79 108. Reitman, D., Rhode, P. C., Hupp, S. D. A., & Altobello, C. (2002). https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/dissertations/AAI28595102, Remote User: Click Here to Login (must have Pace University remote login ID and password. Parent development theory: Understanding parents, parenting perceptions, and parenting behaviors. Parenting and mental health issues affecting children and youth. Pre-Intervention Assessment of Behavior Disordered Children: Where Does the School Psychologist Stand? By comparison, parents of typically developing preschoolers deemed education the most important parent characteristic. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 6258. Perceptions of parenting: A comparison of parents' and children's perceptions of the importance of parenting characteristics. Bornstein, M. H., & Bradley R. H. 38(1), 3647. Beyond bonding: What professionals can offer parents of young children. 1) Publisher: Pace University Dba: Pace University Press Document Type: Report Length: 8,036 words Lexile Measure: 1430L Translate Decrease font size ), Evidence-based practice in infant and early childhood psychology. Symposium: Current Parenting Theories, Measures, and Issues for School Psychologists. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, The PBIQ is based on the parent development theory (PDT) which relies and draws heavily on social learning and cognitive developmental theories (Mowder 2005). A. Parents of special needs children rated general welfare and protection as well as sensitivity as the most important parenting characteristics during the preschool years. This paper reports the scale development and psychometric characteristics of the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised (PBIQ-R). Parent-child interaction and childrens well-being: Reducing conduct problems and promoting conscience development. Leibling, L. (2005). Many of the current research studies utilize the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire Third Edition (PBIQ 3). A sample of 87 parents provided their views, Parental Attributions of Control and Self-Efficacy: Observed Parenting Behaviors in Mothers of Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Zoe A. Chiel Background. ), Evidence based practice in infant and early childhood psychology. More recently,the parent development theory (PDT) provides not only a denition of parents (i.e.,individuals who recognize, accept, and perform the parent role), but also adescription of parenting as cognitively based with accompanying, associatedbehaviors (Mowder 2005). 3447771, Pace University). Further, most research considers parenting typical children. Findings are discussed relative to parenting theory and research as well as clinical, counseling, and school psychology practice. Gardner, F., & Ward, S. (2000). (Doctoral Dissertation: In progress). (2007). Psychological Assessment, Both research questionnaires are based on the parent development theory (PDT) and offer parent as well as non-parent respondents the opportunity to rate 38 parenting behaviors in terms of importance or frequency, respectively. Results from first (n=118) and second (n=94) administrations of test to graduate students in school psychology revealed that PRQ had relatively high internal consistency, moderate, Descriptors: Graduate Students, Higher Education, Parent Role, Psychometrics, Mowder, Barbara A.; And Others Reading Improvement, 1980, Shows that, for the most part, legislation mandating the development of individual educational programs (IEPs) for children receiving special services is effective, but that parents are less positive about some aspects of the IEPs than about others. By, Descriptors: Child Rearing, Special Needs Students, Parent Attitudes, Comparative Analysis, Mowder, Barbara A. A., Harvey, V. S., Moy, L., & Pedro, M. (1995). More specifically, this conference was constructed around current parenting research associated with: This conference was held on March 11, 2022 and the full presentation can be watched online. This study examined the psychometric characteristics of two parenting measures: the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire (PBIQ) and Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaire (PBFQ). Mowder, B.A., Sanders, M. Parent Behavior Importance and Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaires: Psychometric Characteristics. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 695700. 1 2010 Newman, David M. and Grauerholz, Liz (2002). (Author/ABB), Descriptors: Behavior Problems, Consultation Programs, Disabilities, Early Childhood Education, Mowder, Barbara A.; And Others Psychology in the Schools, 1995, Examines the parent role as perceived by a parents (n=1,109) of school-age children in New Hampshire. Parenting infants: Relative importance of parenting characteristics and related behaviors. In C. Lidz (Ed. 35(2), 194202. Parentchild interaction and childrens well-being: Reducing conduct problems and promoting conscience development. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed. Parents of special needs children rated general welfare and protection as well as sensitivity as the most important parenting characteristics during the preschool years. BASC-2 intervention guide. (863211124). (2009). Shamah, R. M. (2011). (2012). Relation of positive and negative parenting to childrens depressive symptoms. Parenting Perceptions: Comparing Parents of Typical and Special Needs Preschoolers, Using the Parent Development Theory (PDT; B.A. Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education, 1(1), 27 - 38. Create a file for use with citation management software, in a, Mowder, Barbara A.; Shamah, Renee Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2011, This paper reports the scale development and psychometric characteristics of the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised (PBIQ-R). Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. He noticed that when kids are teeny, they do lots of touching and tasting. Gale Document Number: And, While associations between child behavior, parenting behaviors, and foster parent stress have been established, a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between parenting behaviors and, The present study built on prior research by examining the relationship of parental stress and social support to parenting beliefs and behaviors. This study examined the relationship between and among ACEs, resilience, and parenting behavior perceptions, utilizing Mowder's (2005) Parent Development Theory (PDT) as the theoretical basis to understand the parent role. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Psychological Assessment, February, Washington, D.C. Mowder, B.A. (2016). Parenting Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children: Contemporary Research in Relation to the Parent Development Theory. Google Scholar. Doctoral Dissertation: Pace University-NYC. Pace University-NYC. Mowder, B.A. Author pages are created from data sourced from our academic, Parent Development Theory: Understanding Parents, Parenting Perceptions and Parenting Behaviors. Parent role characteristics: Parent views and their implications for school psychologists. Parent Development Theory: Understanding Parents, Parenting Perceptions and Parenting Behaviors B. Mowder Published 2005 Psychology For the importance of parenting, with the long-term implications for children, families, and society, there is precious little psychological theory specifically on parents and parent development. Late Adolescents Perceived Parenting Behaviors, Personal Adjustment, and Emotional Symptom Characteristics. A study of parenting, locus of control, religiosity and gender. Parenting history, contemporary views, and the Parent Development Theory: Implications for early childhood providers, Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education, 1(1), 5 26. Implications of this research are discussed. More specifically, Mowder ( 2005) defined the parent role as one in which individuals recognize, accept, and perform the social role of being a parent. J Child Fam Stud 20, 295302 (2011). Krochek, R., Mowder, B.A., & Zeng, T. (2013). (2009). (1991). Once logged in, click on the View More link above), Home | A. Mowder, F. Rubinson, & A. E. Yasik (Eds. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, Inc. Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (2004). Diversity in Professionals Views of Parenting Behavior Importance Levels. Poster presented at the 13th International Conference on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. Working with Parents: History, Current Theories, Psychometric Measures, and Contemporary Issues. (2014). Parent Role Characteristics: Parent Views and Their Implications for School Psychologists. To develop this measure, 502 subject matter experts (SMEs), The trauma associated with 9/11 affected and continues to influence children, families, and other groups of people. In B. Mowder, F. Rubinson, & A. E. Yasik (Eds. Measuring Screen Time: Development of the Screen Time Questionnaire. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control. Bitter, E. (2014). 30, 248254. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Publishers. The present article highlights the five components which can be adopted by the parents in order to enhance cognitive and social entry skills of children in a positive way. (Author/ABB), Descriptors: Children, Differences, Disabilities, Early Childhood Education, Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised: Scale Development and Psychometric Characteristics, Test-Retest Reliability of the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised and the Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaire-Revised, Parenting Beliefs, Parental Stress, and Social Support Relationships, Parent Behavior Importance and Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaires: Psychometric Characteristics, Parenting Perceptions: Comparing Parents of Typical and Special Needs Preschoolers. The Parenting Scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychology in the Schools, 1980, Because of current federal legislation, educators must assess children with possible handicapping conditions and plan an individual education program for each child with a special need. Parents of special needs children rate parenting behaviors associated with general welfare and protection and sensitivity as most important, whereas parents of typical children deem education the most important characteristic. Parent role research. Antecedents of toddler aggression: Dysfunctional parenting in mother-toddler dyads. Mowder, B. Poster presentation accepted for the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada. Adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and parenting perceptions. Mowder, 2005) as the conceptual framework, this research explored parenting related to preschoolers' special needs status. (2012). 3500922, Pace University). Psychology in the Schools, Developmental Psychology, 40, 149161. New York: Springer. Urman, A. Jean Piaget is the next theorist we'll discuss. ), Evidence based practice in infant and early childhood psychology. Clifford, M. E. (2004). Kuching, Borneo, August. Parent Development Theory: Understanding Parents, Parenting Perceptions and Parenting Behaviors Barbara A. Mowder12 View details (1 authors) Volume: 1, Pages: 45 Published: Jan 1, 2005 34Citations Save Abstract Mass, M., & Van Nijnatten, C. (2005). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 162. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 92. Maternal expressed emotion predicts childrens antisocial behavior problems: Using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. Silk, J. S., Ziegler, M. L., Whalen, D. J., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., Dietz, L. J., et al. 11(4), 534545. Home (Doctoral Dissertation: In progress). Mowder, B.A. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Using the Parent Development Theory (PDT; B.A. A. Mulick, & J. Rojahn (Eds. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. In J. W. Jacobson, J. Lovejoy, M., Weiss, R., OHare, E., & Rubin, E. (1999). Using the Parent Development Theory (PDT; B.A. (2016). Lessuck-Namer, C. (1998). 3570713, Pace University). Article These parents completed the, Descriptors: Parent Education, Child Rearing, Parenting Styles, Parent Attitudes, Mowder, Barbara A.; Sanders, Michelle Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2008, This study examined the psychometric characteristics of two parenting measures: the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire (PBIQ) and Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaire (PBFQ). Pearson. > Neuhaus, D. (2011). ), Evidence based practice in infant and early childhood psychology. However, parenting special needs children is challenging. Contemporary Parenting: The Influence of Screen Time on Parenting and Children, Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education, 1(1), 39 78. Future directions in infant and early childhood psychology. Parenting perceptions: Comparing parents of typical and special needs preschoolers, Using the Parent Development Theory (PDT; B.A. Using the Parent Development Theory (PDT; B.A. ), Family transitions (pp. Mowder, B. Mayerfield, M. (2012). To develop this measure, 502 subject matter experts (SMEs). Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised: Scale Development and Psychometric Characteristics, This paper reports the scale development and psychometric characteristics of the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised (PBIQ-R). Doctoral Dissertation: Pace University-NYC. Mowder, 2005) as the conceptual framework, this research explored parenting related to preschoolers' special needs status. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 178. New York: New York. (2020). PCI Director Using the Parent Development Theory (Mowder, 2005), the current study aims to assess a variety of positive and negative parenting characteristics and their relationship to the social-emotional and behavioral outcomes in toddlers, preschoolers, and kindergarteners (ages 2 through 5). Paper presented at the 14th International Conference on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. Psychological testing. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists, New Orleans. Google Scholar. Therefore, parents relate to their children more or less consistently with how they conceptualize parenting and behave according to those parenting beliefs. (Order No. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 99. (860152044). & Nerwen, R. (2019). Mowder, Barbara A.; Shamah, Renee. Dallaire, D. H., Pineda, A. Q., Cole, D. A., Ciesla, J. Triple P-Positive parenting program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Parents of special needs children rated general welfare and protection as well as sensitivity as the most important parenting characteristics during the preschool years. Chapter Parent assessment and intervention. Parents of special needs Expand 15 3 View via Publisher Cite Parenting Beliefs, Parental Stress, and Social Support Relationships Mowder, Barbara; Sanders, Michelle 2007-11-06 00:00:00 This study examined the psychometric characteristics of two parenting measures: the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire (PBIQ) and Parent Behavior Frequency Questionnaire (PBFQ). ), Preventing youth substance abuse: Science-based programs for children and adolescents (pp. About | Modeling parenting stress trajectories among low-income young mothers across the childs second and third years: Factors accounting for stability and change. A. Research, currently in the planning process, is being designed to consider parenting before and after COVID-19 as well as parent challenges, emotional availability, strengths, and stress during the time of the pandemic, Parenting and Psychology in the 2021-2022 Global Environment. & Shamah, R. (2009). 41 Park Row, 13th Floor A. Mowder, B.A. Mowder, B.A. Presentation at the meeting of the Consortium of Combined and Integrated Doctoral Programs in Psychology, Orlando, Florida. Doctoral Dissertation: Pace University-NYC. volume20,pages 295302 (2011)Cite this article. (2012). Parent Role Questionnaire: Psychometric qualities. Mowder, B.A. Emotional availability, parenting behavior perceptions, child temperament, and parent personality in mothers and their 8 16 month olds. Baumrind, D. (1971). Indicated that behavioral and home-related problems were major concerns, and that goals in seeking consultation were primarily motivated by a lack of knowledge. (Order No. Psychological testing. Research on parental socialization of child outcomes: Current controversies and future directions. Mowder, B.A., Shamah, R., & Zeng, T. (2010). A., Guttman, M., Rubinson, F., & Sossin, K. M. (2006). (Author), Descriptors: Bilingual Students, Bilingualism, Cultural Differences, Educational Diagnosis, Mowder, Barbara A. 17(2), 238251. Mowder, B. Psychology in the Schools, In P. A. Cowan & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.
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