changing air density, temperature The surface onto which the ball The more KE the ball leaves the floor with the longer it takes to stop due to the force of gravity and return back to the floor again. Research questions pose a question about the Use the same point on the ball (top) or (bottom) when judging both the height However the conditions were kept the same for each drop of the ball. \[S_{\infty} = \frac{\alpha(1-r^{\infty})}{1-r} = \frac{\alpha(1-0)}{1-r} \qquad S_{\infty} = \frac{\alpha}{1-r}\]. Discuss specifically how you developed your e and initial height values. The weight and material of the ball will be kept the same throughout the experiment by using the same ball. That height fraction is equal to the fraction of energy that the ball successfully stored and returned during its bounce. If the coefficient to restitution = 0.7, a ball dropping from h1in a vacuum would reach the height of 0.7 h1 after bouncing. 70% is retained. 7. It pushes downward on the floor and the floor pushes upward on it. Use a uniform surface to drop the ball onto. It will be important to keep track of what times go between what bounces. You Hypothesis: If a tennis ball is dropped from a specific height then the ball will bounce to the same height. The exact interval will be determined after the preliminary experiment, as will the number of heights that the ball will be dropped from. To set up the An increase in h1, assuming g and m stay constant, results in an increase in m g h1 which results in an increase in GPE. This is because the experiment is a very short and simple one to carry out and if conducted efficiently can be completed easily within the time span allowed for collecting evidence. use four meter sticks and go right the way up to four meters. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Therefore of the GPE that the ball possessed at the beginning some energy is given off as thermal energy. The acceleration on the ball is the acceleration of gravity, which acts downwards on the ball. The higher the air pressure the more air particles per cubic meter. The results of our experiment show that this probably is not the case. Air resistance exists but does not affect the velocity of the ball significantly. As drag is a squared function, proportional to the square of the velocity, it is impossible to calculate the velocity that the ball hits the floor at. h1will start at 2m and then move down in intervals of 10cm to 10cm. WebLearn how to identify types of variables in a simple experiment with bouncing balls. Based on your gathered information, make an educated guess about what types of things affect the system you are working with. Dependent: - Height at which the tennis ball bounces. 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In a real-life scenario, the ball will eventually stop moving due to external forces such as air. For an infinite number of turns, another geometric sequence formula can be used. Drag is a squared function of velocity and therefore as the ball drops drag increases a greater amount each second. The purpose of this project is to find out what factors affect the bounce of a dropped ball. Therefore the height that it reaches is less high. CR can be found out by looking at a graph, the gradient, as a percentage of 1 gives the amount of energy conserved and therefore CRcan be found without knowing v22or v12. Improvements that could be made to the experiment if future work was to be done: To provide additional relevant evidence I would conduct further work as follows; I would like to conduct the same experiment in a vacuum. The ball pushes on the floor and the floor pushes back on the ball, causing it to rebound. If you are new in doing science project, click on How to Start in the main page. The balls leave the floor at the same speed with the same amount of KE and so both balls reach the same height and end up with the same amount of GPE at the top of their bounces. A ball falls from a height of 3 metres. This is why it h2will be from the bottom of the ball as it hits the floor to the bottom of the ball at the top of its arc after bouncing. The motion of the ball can be described using velocity, displacement, and acceleration graphs, or geometric sequences. As there is more KE, more energy is converted into elastic potential energy, As there is more elastic potential energy, more energy is converted back into KE energy. Choose one of the variables you listed in #4, and design an experiment to test it. Is the measurement method questionable or unreliable? The slope of the line in graph 1 was found to be 0.5. H is the height of the ball before it is dropped. The third stage is the point at which the ball is momentarily deformed, and bounces off the ground in an upward direction until it reaches its maximum height. Materials: -Carbon Paper -Goggles -Golf Balls The push that the ball receives from the floor at the moment of the impact causes it to bounce upwards. It is the most basic kind of energy. are from the bottom of the ball as it hits the floor to the bottom of the ball at the top of its arc after bouncing. When the ball travels in the negative direction (downwards), the velocity can be assumed to be negative. You will need an assistant, so one person will drop the ball and the other person stands about 20 feet away and records how high it bounces. The same square of tiling will be used throughout the experiment so that inconsistencies between different floor tiles do not affect results. http://wings.avkids.com/Curriculums/Tennis/index.html. This also proves the accuracy of the experiment. Either the coefficient to restitution that was worked out is incorrect, which would mean that the first three results are inaccurate or subsequent results were inaccurate. The higher h1, the faster the velocity that the ball reaches. If you have any questions or need more support about this project, click on the Ask Question button on the top of this page to send me a message. This coefficient of restitution, e, is actually the ratio of the velocity of recession (upwards after the bounce) to the velocity of approach (downward before the bounce). From this I am able to determine that the experiment was very accurate. For example this is a sample explanation. The reason for our error was that we thought that the tennis ball might be specially made to bounce to the same height. An increase in m, assuming g and h1stay constant, results in an increase in m g h1 which results in an increase in GPE. The surface onto which the ball is dropped will affect the height to which the ball bounces because for any two objects that collide, the properties of both determine the percentage of the kinetic energy either possesses approaching the collision that is conserved subsequent to the collision taking place (Coefficient to restitution) discounting the effects of air resistance. This project guide contains information that you need in order to start your project. Its 100% free. What does the motion of a bouncing ball look like? These stages can also be represented graphically using three plots including a displacement, velocity, and acceleration vs time graph. The distance along the ramp which the balls rolls. If possible, have a scientist review the procedure with you. Adapted from Plangenhoef, Patterns of Human Motion. WebHave them list all the variables they think will affect ball bounce. The bounce of a dropped ball has a direct relation with the release height. Also the ball flattening upon impact doesnt have to be taken into account whereas if one was measuring from the top of the ball as it hits the floor to the top of the ball before dropping it or at the top of its arc after bouncing or the middle of the ball as it hits the ground to the middle of the ball before dropping it or the middle of the ball at the top of its bounce then the fact that the ball flattens momentarily on impact with the floor would have to be taken into account. Finally, we need to multiply the distance found by 2, as one bounce of the ball includes both a rise and fall. So an imperfect ball loses some energy on each bounce. The average variation between results was 3cm. Its high order and functions achieved with differential and integral operations can't fit any circle, because circles must cover constant speed in simple harmonic motion. In this experiment the only variable that we modify is the release height and we keep all other variables unchanged. WebVariables: Height from which the ball is dropped Mass of the ball Material ball is made from External factors, i.e. The example of the bouncing ball is used to study projectile motion in mechanics. On a molecular level, the rubber is made from long chains of polymers. Calculating the coefficient to restitution of ball hitting the floor: The coefficient to restitution can be found out from a graph of h1against h2. What purpose does a control serve? This means that the faster that the ball travels the larger the force of air resistance upon it. An alternative method would be the measuring person holding a video camera level with the approximate height that the ball reaches after bouncing and videoing the ball reach the top of its arc. As the ball falls it hits against air particles. There are three types of variables: Controlled Variables: You can have as many controlled variables as you like. These polymers are tangled together and stretch upon impact. Measuring the height to which the ball bounced on subsequent bounces would be interesting, seeing if h. A real-life bouncing ball example would experience an oscillatory motion which would gradually lose energy, causing the height of the bounce to reduce over time until eventually, the ball came to a stop. These stages are continuously repeated and shown in the sequence below. Variables are the factors that are changed, measured or controlled. In air considerations have to be taken into account such as air resistance but even so the rough height to which it will bounce to can be predicted before dropping the ball. The following is a college level project, but some grade 9 to 12 students can also complete this with no problem. Therefore the heavier the ball is, the faster its terminal velocity. The energy chain is as follows: Therefore as energy cannot be created or destroyed the energy the ball starts with must be directly proportional to the energy the ball finishes with, at the top of its bounce, and so if the ball starts with more energy it must therefore finish with more. The three trials at each height are then averaged, and the average bounce height is graphed versus the drop height. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Apparatus:Clamp stand, meter rule 2, table tennis ball, desk. The coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the final to initial speed between two bodies after the collision. Your bibliography must contain sources that are available to you (at your school or local library). The terminal speed is the maximum speed reached when an object is dropped from a great height. At 2ft, the basketball bounced 15 inches, the tennis ball bounced 12 inches, and the golf. What is happening to the balls energy with each bounce? Your assistant will record the bounce. Also it shows inaccuracies in the experiment as it shows that heights were recorded that exceeded the height that the ball would have reached had it been dropped in a vacuum. Many questions are related. Dependable controls are sometimes very hard to develop. Have all your study materials in one place. The decision for the size of interval and the amount of results collected will depend upon the time taken to conduct the experiment and any other factors that may become apparent during the preliminary experiment. Without a control you cannot be sure that changing the variable causes your observations. D (60%) It provided me with five repeats so that the maximum and minimum results could be discounted and a reliable average could be taken. Even a specific ball may bounce different heights at different times or different locations. The sum of the two, mechanical energy, stays the same ( is conserved.). Air pressure will affect the balls fall slightly as the concentration of air particles per cubic meter varies with air pressure. So, we equate the potential energy and the kinetic energy. This is because it is easiest as the figure read of the meter rule is the result. A) scientific method. As the ball flattening upon impact with the floor is not visible as it happens so quickly it would be almost impossible to measure the size of the ball on impact with the floor. If you change more than one at a time, you will not know what variable is causing your observation. A ball falls from a height of 6 metres. Procedure: One group member drops a tennis ball from a specific height, while the other group member notes how high the ball bounces. WebDrop the ball from the line between cinder blocks/bricks to make the measurements more accurate. It was decided that the first drop would start at 2m off the floor and then move down in intervals of 10cm to 10 cm off the floor. This applies to a ball falling in a vacuum. Bouncing Ball Experiment Our simple experiment is to drop a ping pong ball weighed at 3 grams from a height of 1 metre then 90cm, 80cm, 70cm, What is the control variable in the bouncing ball experiment? Our lab group was able to determine the relationship between drop height and bounce height. The second stage is the point at which the ball decelerates, changes direction once it has reached the peak point, and starts falling to the ground. Hence the formula for the sum of the infinite number of terms can be rewritten as seen here. It is also good to calculate the coefficient of restitution of your ball using the formula CoR = v/v = sqrt(h/h). Then change the surface material by covering it with different material and repeat the test. Hence the final answer is: \(\text{Total distance} = 2 \cdot S_n = 2 \cdot 9.6 m= 19.2m\). It was difficult to get down to the exact level of the blue tack seeing as it meant lowering your entire upper body in the short amount of time taken for the ball to hit the floor and rebound again to get your eye level from h1 to h2 (where the blue tack was stuck, approximately). Is a bouncing ball an example of Newton's third law? Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Several smooth hard flat horizontal surfaces suitable for bouncing ballsfloors, lab tables, sidewalks, and the like. As the ball has less KE and is travelling slower it becomes stationary faster at the top of its arc. If you get more than one value, calculate and record the average. However, the tennis ball we used may be a very old one, and to definitely prove that our hypothesis is wrong for most tennis balls we would need to repeat the experiment with many different tennis balls. This is in accordance with Newton's second law. GPE also changes as the ball falls. Once the drag force equals the gravitational force all forces are equal and acceleration stops. Is a bouncing ball an example of oscillatory motion? WebA bouncing ball in an ideal scenario will continue this oscillatory motion. Conveniently enough, this fraction of returned energy is nearly independent of how much energy the ball had to begin with. The relative height of the bounce should be h/h = CoR2 = 0.72 = 0.49. ", " My husband and son came with me for the tour. Then when dropping the ball again eye level was kept level with the blue tack. Also the difference between the force of air resistance acting upon a ball travelling at 1ms-1 and the force of air resistance acting upon a ball travelling at 2ms-1 is far smaller than the difference between the force of air resistance acting upon a ball travelling at 20ms-1 and the force of air resistance acting upon a ball travelling at 21ms-1. However when the ball is dropped from a relatively low height, drag 0. WebThere are many different variables that would affect the bounce height of a ball. A single experiment may contain many control variables. As the ball hits the floor with less KE than it would have done if it had been dropped in a vacuum it follows that less energy is converted into elastic potential energy and back into KE again. Figure 1. They identify variables to be changed, measured and controlled. The coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the final to the initial relative speed between two objects after they collide. This would allow the actual coefficient to restitution to be calculated. The ball rebounds to 72 percent of its previous height and continues to fall. The force that is received by the ball from the ground from the collision causes it to rebound, which converts the potential energy to kinetic energy. When you drop a ball from a greater height, it has more kinetic energy just before it hits the floor and stores more energy during the bounceit dents farther as it comes to a stop. You will then take your bounces and their respective time intervals to a spread sheet. The drag force increases as the ball goes faster. For example a regulation tennis ball is dropped from about 1 meter. Using the graph above, we can find the displacement by using the area under the graph, which is equal to the displacement. Also the facts that there were no anomalies and that all of the points were very close to the line of best fit show that the experiment was relatively accurate. Choose one of the variables you listed in #4, and design an experiment to test it. Changes in the area of linoleum floor tile that the ball collided with may have affected the height to which it bounced to thus producing variation between results. A decrease in m, assuming g and h1stay constant, results in a decrease in m g h1which results A decrease in m, assuming g and h1stay constant, results in a decrease in m g h1which results in a decrease in GPE. Dependent Variable: The height of the bounce. Draw a graph of bounce height Vs drop height. This is because as the ball goes faster it passes through a greater volume of air each second. These two results were excluded when averages were being calculated and therefore the average variation between results used for calculating the average was even less than 3cm. The CoR can be measured directly by velocity measurements but often it is handier to measure the height of rise of the ball after it bounces relative to the height that it fell. As the ball is falling toward the ground its Kinetic Energy is increasing because its speed is increasing. When a ball drops in air there is air resistance to which the ball loses energy in the form of thermal energy. The experiment was conducted well however as the utmost efforts were brought into place to avoid parallax error and it was ensured as far as possible that factors that affected how high the ball bounced, excluding the height, were kept constant throughout the experiment. Hypothesis. So if we double the air pressure, we will get double bounce height. Temperature will not affect the balls bounce either as the experiment will be conducted at room temperature, thus not allowing the floor to get cold and in doing so alter its affect upon the ball on impact. You can drop the ball from your hand or you can make a stopper for the ball to hold it only from the sides with a little pressure. Find sections related to potential energy, elasticity and springs. The first graph is a displacement vs time graph. ball bounced 6 inches. The last stage is the point at which the ball has reached its maximum displacement, decelerates, and changes the direction of motion from upwards to downwards. This did not happen in my experiment however. As the height from which the ball was dropped from was increased, the GPE energy that the ball possessed before being dropped also increased. Therefore any change to the weight of the ball will affect the energy the ball has initially, which, as previously stated, affects the height to which the ball bounces. For instance result 3 from 200cm was an anomaly but was not taken into account when taking the average of the middle three. A control variable is any factor that is controlled or held constant during an experiment. 3. Parallax error will be avoided by dropping the ball one time that will not be measured and placing a blob of blue tack onto the meter rule at the approximate height it bounced to. Prior to the sample task, students investigated investigated forms of energy and energy transfers and transformations. Maybe you are reading a scale incorrectly, or maybe the measuring instrument is working erratically. The higher the ball goes, the more GPE it ends up with. Design an experiment to test each hypothesis. A ball that is dropped in air however is subjected to air resistance which affects the height to which it bounces. For the lowest three points air resistance is approximately equal to zero due to the ball having a low velocity, as it was dropped from a low height, and therefore hits less air particles per second than a ball traveling at a faster speed. As it did so the downward force was partially balanced out by the upwards force of drag, increasingly so the closer the ball got to its terminal velocity. For a perfectly elastic bounce (the ultimate super ball), e =1; and for an inelastic bounce (like clay dropping on the floor), e =0. If the mass of the ball is heavier the weight is heavier (weight = mg) and downward force acting upon the ball is greater as well. It is always important for students, parents and teachers to know a good source for science related equipment and supplies they need for their science activities. A bouncing ball is an example of oscillatory motion as the ball is oscillating about the equilibrium position. If the elastic potential energy is the same then the same amount of energy is converted back into KE and so the balls leave the floor at the same speed. stay constant, results in an increase in m g h, stay constant, results in a decrease in m g h, The surface onto which the ball is dropped will affect the height to which the ball bounces because for any two objects that collide, the properties of both determine the percentage of the kinetic energy either possesses approaching the collision that is conserved subsequent to the collision taking place (Coefficient to restitution) discounting the effects of air resistance. At first, try to choose variables that you think act independently of each other. Working out the variation in results shows how accurate the experiment was. It therefore hits more air particles each second and so the force of drag is bigger the faster the ball goes. Several new questions may have occurred to you while doing experiments. This will help with your understanding of the investigation and lead you to make a possible hypothesis. Yes, as elastic potential energy causes the ball to bounce off the ground and is converted into kinetic energy once the ball is in the air, causing it to move. Review each step of the procedure to find sources of potential errors.
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