A unique and special political act, voting allows for the views of more people to be represented than any other activity. This interest might take various forms such as support, rejection, protest or demonstration, etc. One is an individuals substantive political identification on a left-right spectrum and the other is on an individuals engagement with the process of politics that is revealed by their acquisition of information on candidates in an election and their willingness to vote in an election. 571-589. Such political activities can support government officials, institutions, and policies, or aim to change them. Voter registration and turnout is influenced by legal and structural factors, voter qualifications, the type of election, and voters enthusiasm about a particular campaign. Therefore, the Jordanian leadership showed more interest in expanding political participation by declaring the return of parliamentary life and resuming the parties activities after a suspension that lasted for many years, as well as establishing civil organizations. Voter registration laws were implemented in the 1860s by states and big cities to ensure that only citizens who met legal requirements could vote. Lawless, J.L. - University of Minnesota Ross, M. (2008), Oil, Islam, and women, American Political Science Review, Vol. The law allowed all males and females as of 18years old to vote in elections (Article 3). Such factors are political exposure, political efficacy, education, income, gender, political interest, political culture, political parties, and religious beliefs. Every day, millions of people voice their opinions to members of Congress. In addition, they did not get high quality public services. In the US, political ideology, efficacy, structural barriers, and demographics all play a role in determining the nature and level of political participation. To ensure representation of women in Parliament, a quota of 15 seats was allocated for women in the 2016 Parliament, To promote the empowerment of Jordanian women by granting them more social, economic and political rights, and supporting their political participation (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). McDonald, M., Voter Turnout, United States Election Project, http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm. The United States holds a large number of elections, and each is governed by specific rules and schedules. Extensive e-mail listservs keep protestors and sympathizers in contact between demonstrations. Voting is the most prevalent form of political participation, although many eligible voters do not turn out in elections. Piven, F. F. and Richard A. Cloward, Why Americans Still Dont Vote (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000). Rosenstone, S. J. and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan, 1993), 4. (1995) noted that inequality in the distribution of incomes affects, political participation, such inequality makes the poor reluctant to vote in elections. (2011), Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here?, Politics and Gender, Vol. Direct mail appeals by single-issue groups for contributions aimed especially at more affluent Americans are targeted methods of mobilizing people. The more the family income varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of high-income students. (1995) emphasized that there were three sources affecting political participation: time, money and social skills. People also can take part in support activities, more passive forms of political involvement. Other barriers are structural. 1 / 19. Also, It was noted that the number of students with family income (500 less than 700 dinars) was the total number of (185) including (171) participated in the voting with (92.4 per cent) in the same category. This article concludes that people have different voting that publics political participation is decreasing from 2004 to 2014. The original and the edited tape tell two different stories of the same event. Protests involve unconventional, and sometimes unlawful, political actions that are undertaken in order to gain rewards from the political and economic system. Milbrath, L. W. and M. L. Goel, Political Participation, 2nd ed. The Youth political engagement in Australia and the United States: student councils and volunteer organizations as communities of practice, Studying oil, islam, and women as if political institutions mattered, Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political participation of the urban poor, The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), Increasing womens political participation: the role of women-friendly districts, Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Social environment 3. More appropriately, determinants of political participation are those factors and forces that can affect or influence peoples participation in politics. Voting determines the leadership issues and policies of the party as well as the whole nation. These universities do not represent all segments of Jordanian society. As there are differences in voter turnout ratio according to age groups, the voting ratio in the age group (23 less than 18years old) was low. A significant aspect of the relation of the individual to his/her political environment is his/her exposure to the influence of propaganda. Democrat Barack Obama, the first African American to be nominated by a major party, generated enthusiasm, especially among young people. A high-level overview of the processes by which individuals develop political values and beliefs. Huntington, S. and Nelson, J. 46 No. 2. In contrast, poor or lowincome families are reluctant to vote as they suffer from accessing basic services, proper education and health care. Koch, J.W. Members may engage in lobbying efforts and take part in demonstrations to publicize their concerns. (1997), Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, The Journal of Politics, Vol. Pyeatt, N. and Yanus, B. Many people take part in neighborhood, school, and religious associations. Online strategies have been used to organize demonstrations against the globalization policies of the World Trade Organization and the World Bank. 3, pp. The commission prepare electoral rolls and update the voters list from time to time. In Sweden, women's political participation increased as a result of women's engagement in the public sphere and demonstrations at the rate of 5.5 per cent contrary to the United Kingdom, where women's participation rate in demonstrations was (1.9 per cent) (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572). These events are designed to raise money and awareness of societal problems, such as poverty and health care. Turnout varies significantly across localities. There are varieties of ways in which people can participate in the political processes of a society. Voter turnout depends on the type of election. Meanwhile, the political participation of youth, particularly in developing countries, plays a vital role in bringing political change. The contested vote in the Florida presidential race resulted in a recount in several counties. 213-221. 453-479. The United States is one of the few democracies that requires citizens to register themselves rather than having the government take responsibility for automatically registering them. What political causes do you care the most about? Introduction Political participation is the core component in democratic politics and is the essential requirement in the construction of socialism political civilization (W. Gao, 2008). Where youth participatory mechanisms fail to have a substantive impact, they may still have important symbolic or signaling features. It is a term applied to various types of activities ranging from political orientations, attitude, knowledge, interest in politics, identification with a political unit (political party or its any wing) to taking active part in political action such as rally, demonstration, strike or campaigning for voting in elections. 65 No. The directive to write your member of Congress is taken seriously by increasing numbers of citizens: legislators e-mail boxes are filled daily, and millions of letters are processed by the Capitol Hill post offices. 362-385. The edited video showing the beating of King told a different story of police brutality and was the basis of much controversy. Political 1051-1072. Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). (1993), Neighborhood poverty and African American politics, American Political Science Review, Vol. Therefore, the present study focuses on the voting of students of Jordanian universities. But, in the South there is a high majority of blue collared workers? 25 No. 1, pp. In 1993, Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act, also known as the motor voter law, allowing citizens to register at motor vehicle and social service offices. For many people, voting is the primary means of taking part in politics. According to conventional wisdom, education is supposed to increases civic skills and political knowledge that functions as the causal mechanisms triggering Tingkat Pengetahuan. 1040-1061. Privacy Policy 8. and Fox, R.L. Political participation is recently one of the important political topics, as it shows the citizens' interest in political issues within their society. In addition, political participation is voluntary activities, in which the individual participates in the selection of rulers, and formulates public policies, directly or indirectly. Posted 6 months ago. Other forms of protest behavior include marking public spaces with graffiti, demonstrating, and boycotting. Moreover, the electoral system of the country affects the political participation of women. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from individual personality and cognitive structures. Organizations conducting voter registration drives register as many voters as government voter registration sites. Plagiarism Prevention 4. It can be concluded that: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students. Psychological or cognitive traits 2. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio voting of Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the category of family income. Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here? Among the major findings of the study are high political apathy; and "voting" as the most popular form of political participation among the people and "free, fair and To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. A formal or informal association of people seeking to influence governmental policy in favor of their interests; interest groups may represent social causes, economic Residency requirements limited access to registration offices. WebHowever, this desired impact can be impeded by a variety of factors, including a lack of political incentives or limited state capacity to implement these mechanisms. This made them feel political alienation, which led them to be reluctant to vote in the elections. The voting ratio of female students was lower than that of males. People can take part in social movements in which large groups of individuals with shared goals work together to influence government policies. Therefore, the diversity of regional affiliation affected political participation. Dababneh, A.B. Webinterest group. Brooker (2013) concluded that in Australia, the ratio of youth participation in voting was low. 7, No. Some are directly associated with the electoral sub-system and some are with other political activities. (1997) attributed that to the lack of political interest of the females. Maybe you coach a little league team, visit seniors at a nursing home, or work at a homeless shelter. In terms of patient-reported outcomes after OWHTO, several preoperative factors, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative radiological parameters have been posited as candidate influencing factors. Motor voters success in increasing the ranks of registered voters differs by state depending on how well the program is publicized and executed. Young voters are less likely to turn out in midterm elections than older citizens. Second: The more the age varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of older students. The politically aware are usually better able to relate their social values to their political opinions, to achieve stable, internally consistent belief systems. Symbolic acts are not always supportive of the political system. Some barriers to voting are informal. (2004), Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. (1995), Lawless and Fox (2001) that concluded that wealth, welfare and money affected political participation process. 89 No. Leaders frequently are spammed with mass e-mails that are not from their constituents. However, most participants are not activists for these causes. Atiyat (2017), Nahar (2013), Kang (2009), Ross (2008) attributed the low ratio of the women participating in voting and politics to tribal, cultural, economic and patriarchal constraints. Civil society depends on social networks, based on trust and goodwill, that form between friends and associates and allow them to work together to achieve common goals. (2011), Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Al Rai Center for Studies, Jordan. Faced with violence, voters are generally pushed away from electoral politics. It is interesting to note that Milbrath classifies those factors which have been used up to the present in the attempt to explain political participation, into three groups: personal factors, political setting, and social position. This ratio of the female students is less than that of male students. Human Rights Watch and the Sentencing Project, Losing the Vote: The Impact of Felony Disenfranchisement Laws (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2000). Fourth: The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students, as there were differences in the students voting ratio in the national and local elections according to regional affiliation. Organizations with the goal of promoting civic action on behalf of particular causes, or single-issue groups, have proliferated. 1.1 Communication, Information, and the Media, 2.2 Creating and Ratifying the Constitution, 2.3 Constitutional Principles and Provisions, 2.4 The Constitution in the Information Age, 4.2 Religion, Speech, the Press, Assembly, and Petition, 4.3 Arms, Search and Seizure, Accusation, Punishment, Property, and Privacy, 4.4 Civil Liberties in the Information Age, 5.1 Civil War Amendments and African Americans, 5.2 Other Minorities, Women, Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Disabled, 6.3 Political Culture and Socialization in the Information Age, 7.4 Public Opinion in the Information Age, 8.5 Participation, Voting, and Social Movements in the Information Age, 9.3 Interest Groups and the Political System, 9.4 Interest Groups in the Information Age, 10.1 History of American Political Parties, 10.7 Political Parties in the Information Age, 11.7 Campaigns and Elections in the Information Age, 13.3 The Presidency in the Information Age, 14.2 Policymaking, Power, and Accountability in the Bureaucracy, 14.3 The Federal Bureaucracy in the Information Age, 16.4 Policymaking and Domestic Policies in the Information Age, 17.1 The Executive Branch Makes Foreign and Military Policies, 17.2 Influence from Congress and Outside Government, 17.3 The Major Foreign and National Security Policies, 17.5 Foreign and National Security Policies in the Information Age. Even activities that on the surface do not seem to have much to do with politics can be a form of political participation. Moreover, the law determines a quota of 15 seats for women in Parliament (Article 8). These groups are as diverse as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), which supports animal rights, the Concord Coalition, which seeks to protect Social Security benefits, and the Aryan Nation, which promotes white supremacy. CBS News Report on the Rodney King Incident. Serving on a local governing or school board, volunteering in the community, and running for office are forms of participation that require significant time and energy. The outcome of such a participation results in collective gain. It depends upon a variety of factors that influence it. Childs, S. (2004), A British Gender Gap? With so many elections, people can become overwhelmed, confused, or just plain tired of voting. (2012), The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. However, there have not been great fluctuations in turnout since the institution of universal suffrage in 1920. Peter D. Hart Research Associates, New Leadership for a New Century (Washington, DC: Public Allies, August 28, 1998). Dolan, K. (2011), Do women and men know different things? Some people may refuse to say the pledge of allegiance to express their dissatisfaction with government. RTV registered over 2 million new voters in 1992, 80 percent of whom cast a ballot, and signed up over 2.5 million voters in 2008. Some people may be discouraged from running because the signature requirement seems daunting. So, the research problem is concerned with examining the impact of social and economic factors (gender, age, family Income, and regional affiliation) on voting of Jordanian university students in the elections. Voting 8. 1,7,27,29 The effects of these various factors suspected of influencing patient-reported outcomes have been evaluated using multiple In other What are the factors affecting political socialization? Activities like voting, campaigning, etc., are some of the important modes of participation. In addition, the main reason for not voting by females students was inefficiency of candidates for such councils with (42.2 per cent) was the Ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils against (11.9 per cent) for male students. What factors influence voter turnout in elections? It included respecting of human rights, popular participating in political life, etc. Those who give money are more likely to gain access to candidates when they are in office. A large number of elections are held in the United States every year, including local elections, elections for county and statewide offices, primaries, and general elections. Nahar, G.S. Content Filtrations 6. Based on the above, the present study examines the impact of (gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation) on the voting of the university student in elections, because of the reluctance of Jordanian university students to vote in elections. Some studies concluded that the difference in age between individuals affects political participation as the ratio of political participation between young and older people is high (Pyeatt and Yanus, 2018, p. 189). Beauregard, K. (2014), Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 7 No. In the light of the democratization, especially in many developing countries, political participation forms expanded and diversified to include voting, participating in the campaigns, community participation and expression of opinion in society related issues (Childs, 2004, p. 422). WebIn democratic Female politicians are more likely to concentrate on problems that matter more to women such as daycare, gender equality, reproductive rights, elderly care and childrens welfare. The main reason for voting in the elections according to regional affiliation was practicing the constitutional right. with (43.7 per cent) for the (Jordanians). Almost 70 percent of high school students and young adults aged eighteen to thirty report that they have been involved in community activities (Peter D. Hart Research Associates, 1998). Want to create or adapt books like this? The Senate alone receives an average of over four million e-mail messages per week and more than two hundred million e-mail messages per year (Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). Community activism is thriving among young people who realize the importance of service that directly assists others. But this political apathy influences political participation it is not much clear and certain. People with higher education are more likely to participate An individuals sense of loyalty to a specific political party. The campaign and rally have their effects on polarizing party attachments and reinforcing candidate preferences. (2018), Increasing womens political participation: the role of women-friendly districts, Journal of Representative Democracy, Vol. Although the political participation base expanded in Jordan, youth remained reluctant to participate in elections. It can be concluded that marginalization of women in the past, and the denial of their right to vote for political and social reasons, made women feel alienation within the society and they were unequal to men. Linda McMahonterm-1. Political environment 4. Voting is the most prominent form of political participation. The America First Action is a super PAC led by former administrator of the Small Business Administration. (6) of 2016, articles 3 and 8). They act to benefit their communities without monetary compensation. The nine factors influencing political participation are as follows: 1. Gender and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Age and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Family income and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Regional affiliation and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. More voters were mobilized during this period of political upheaval in which people focused on issues of race relations, social welfare, and the Vietnam War (Piven & Cloward, 2000). Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. The reasons of the low voting ratio of female students in Jordan was due to the fact that they didn't see a tangible role for elected councils within society in addition, tribal, social economic constraints as they didn't feel equal to males in education and employment. Tillian, O. Gender equality in political participation is a fundamental aspect of modern democratic governance. In addition, there was an age gap in voting in national and local elections, as young students voting was low. Flanigan, W. H. and Nancy H. Zingale, Political Behavior of the American Electorate, 9th ed. (1995), Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, American Political Science Review, Vol. 1. Fitzgerald, J. Direct link to veighn.dangerfield's post depends on the situation , Posted 5 months ago. Similarly, in Britain, there is a gender gap in political participation. Mohammad Soud Alelaimat can be contacted at: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Some people believe that individuals who have committed a serious crime should be deprived of the privileges enjoyed by law-abiding people. New media offer additional opportunities for people to engage in campaigns. The ratio of participation for young people is low, because of their different interests in political activities. The race was open, as there was no incumbent candidate, and voters felt they had an opportunity to make a difference. Political scientists measure how US political behavior, attitudes, and ideologies are shaped by a number of factors over time. Midterm elections, in which members of Congress run for office in nonpresidential-election years, normally draw about one-third of eligible voters (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) concluded that these reasons reflected the low and limited participation of women in political issues, political parties, and civil organizations. 107-123. Rock the Vote (RTV), a nonpartisan youth mobilization organization, established the first online voter registration initiative in 1992 with official backing from the Congressional Internet Caucus. This, in turn, made women lose interest in political issues, events, and party activities. The reluctance of students to participate was attributed to their lack of interest in political issues and their poor involvement in community activities. Voter turnout levels have hovered around 40 percent in the past three midterm elections. Nahar, G. and Humaidan, R. (2013), The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Moreover, it was noted that the number of students with family income (more than 700 dinars) was at the total number of (219) including (164) participated in the voting with (88.6 per cent) in the same category. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Men vote more than females (Childs, 2004, p. 422). and Dawson, M.C. In addition, the voting of the students' category (Palestinians) was low. 1. By 2008, 44 percent of the public had contacted their member of Congress about an issue or concern (Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). The political landscape for many African nations does not provide the platforms where citizens can loudly and freely engage with the governments to harness democracy. This problem gained attention during the 2000 election. Atkeson (2003) indicated that the greater the involvement of women in the public sector, the more barriers of their political participation are broken. They include sense of efficacy, sense of civic responsibility, sociability, sense of alienation and authoritarianism. Soon after the verdict was announced, riots broke out. Political participation is action that influences the distribution of social goods and values (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). Jurors were shown the entire tape, not just the famous nineteen-second clip. Cohen, C.J. The main reason for voting in the elections according to family income was practicing the constitutional right. with (33.5 per cent) for the family income category (500 dinars), and (22.2 per cent) for the family income category (500 less than 700 dinars).
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